22 KiB
| title | TARGET DECK | FILE TAGS | tags | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procedures | Obsidian::STEM | x86-64 |
|
Overview
The x86-64 stack grows towards lower addresses. When a procedure is invoked, more spack on the top of the stack is allocated for that procedure to make use of. This portion of the stack is called a frame. The general shape of the stack looks as follows:
!
Note parts of this diagram are omitted when possible. For instance, a stack frame may not exist at all if all arguments to a leaf procedure can be passed through registers. A leaf procedure is a function that does not call another function.
%%ANKII Basic What ADT is used internally in procedure-calling mechanisms? Back: A stack. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%%
%%ANKII Cloze The x86-64 stack grows towards {lower} addresses. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%%
%%ANKI Basic What is a frame w.r.t. the x86-64 stack? Back: A region of the stack dedicated to a particular function call. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What instructions are used to store and retrieve from the x86-64 stack?
Back: pushq and popq.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does the "stack pointer" refer to w.r.t. the x86-64 stack?
Back: Register %rsp.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How is the stack pointer manipulated to allocate space on the x86-64 stack?
Back: By decrementing %rsp by an appropriate amount.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How is the stack pointer manipulated to deallocate space on the x86-64 stack?
Back: By incrementing %rsp by an appropriate amount.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose procedure P calls Q. What data sits at the end of P's frame?
Back: A return address.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI Cloze A {leaf} procedure is a function that {does not call another function}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose procedure P calls Q. The return address belongs to who's frame?
Back: P
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose procedure P calls Q. Why is the return address considered to be in P's frame?
Back: It is state relevant to P.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
Control Transfer
Like conditions#JMP instructions, call allows specifying a direct or indirect operand. call pushes the address of the instruction following it onto the stack and updates the PC to the operand. ret reverts these steps.
| Instruction | Operands | Description |
|---|---|---|
call |
Label | Procedure call |
call |
*Operand | Procedure call |
ret |
Return from call |
%%ANKI
Cloze
The {call} instruction is the counterpart to the {ret} instruction.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What two things does the call instruction do?
Back: It pushes the return address on the stack and updates the PC.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What two things does the ret instruction do?
Back: It pops the return address off the stack and updates the PC.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
The operand forms of call mirror what other instruction class?
Back: JMP
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
A call instruction pushes what address onto the stack?
Back: That of the instruction following the call instruction.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What return address is pushed onto the stack after call is run?
1: ...
2: callq .L1
3: ...
Back: 3
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What address is the PC updated to after call is run?
1: ...
2: callq .L1
3: ...
Back: That corresponding to label .L1.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register(s) does a call instruction update?
Back: %rsp and %rip.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register(s) does a ret instruction update?
Back: %rsp and %rip.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
Data Transfer
x86-64 employs 6 registers for passing integral (i.e. integer and pointer) arguments between caller and callee.
| Bits | Arg 1 | Arg2 | Arg3 | Arg4 | Arg5 | Arg6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 64 | %rdi |
%rsi |
%rdx |
%rcx |
%r8 |
%r9 |
| 32 | %edi |
%esi |
%edx |
%ecx |
%r8d |
%r9d |
| 16 | %di |
%si |
%dx |
%cx |
%r8w |
%r9w |
| 8 | %dil |
%sil |
%dl |
%cl |
%r8b |
%r9b |
%%ANKI
Basic
How many registers are available for passing integral arguments between procedures?
Back: 6
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %rdi register?
Back: 8
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %di register?
Back: 2
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %dil register?
Back: 1
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %edi register?
Back: 4
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
By convention, register {%rdi} is used for {the first integral argument}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Words} are to {2:%di} whereas {2:double words} are to {1:%edi}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Bytes} are to {2:%dil} whereas {2:quad words} are to {1:%rdi}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 2 bytes of %rdi?
Back: By using %di.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 4 bytes of %rdi?
Back: By using %edi.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order byte of %rdi?
Back: By using %dil.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register should the first integral argument of a procedure be placed in?
Back: %rdi
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
From smallest to largest, list the four "first integral argument" registers.
Back: %dil, %di, %edi, and %rdi.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %rsi register?
Back: 8
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %si register?
Back: 2
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %sil register?
Back: 1
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %esi register?
Back: 4
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
By convention, register {%rsi} is used for {the second integral argument}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Words} are to {2:%si} whereas {2:double words} are to {1:%esi}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Bytes} are to {2:%sil} whereas {2:quad words} are to {1:%rsi}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 2 bytes of %rsi?
Back: By using %si.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 4 bytes of %rsi?
Back: By using %esi.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order byte of %rsi?
Back: By using %sil.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register should the second integral argument of a procedure be placed in?
Back: %rsi
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
From smallest to largest, list the four "second integral argument" registers.
Back: %sil, %si, %esi, and %rsi.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:%rdi} is to the {2:first} integral argument whereas {2:%rsi} is to the {1:second} integral argument.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %rdx register?
Back: 8
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %dx register?
Back: 2
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %dl register?
Back: 1
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %edx register?
Back: 4
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
By convention, register {%rdx} is used for {the third integral argument}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Words} are to {2:%dx} whereas {2:double words} are to {1:%edx}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Bytes} are to {2:%dl} whereas {2:quad words} are to {1:%rdx}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 2 bytes of %rdx?
Back: By using %dx.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 4 bytes of %rdx?
Back: By using %edx.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order byte of %rdx?
Back: By using %dl.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register should the third integral argument of a procedure be placed in?
Back: %rdx
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
From smallest to largest, list the four "third integral argument" registers.
Back: %dl, %dx, %edx, and %rdx.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:%dil} is to the {2:first} integral argument whereas {2:%dl} is to the {1:third} integral argument.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %rcx register?
Back: 8
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %ecx register?
Back: 4
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %cx register?
Back: 2
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the %cl register?
Back: 1
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
By convention, register {%rcx} is used for {the fourth integral argument}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Words} are to {2:%cx} whereas {2:quad words} are to {1:%rcx}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Bytes} are to {2:%cl} whereas {2:double words} are to {1:%ecx}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 2 bytes of %rcx?
Back: By using %cx.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 4 bytes of %rcx?
Back: By using %ecx.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order byte of %rcx?
Back: By using %cl.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register should the fourth integral argument of a procedure be placed in?
Back: %rcx
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
From smallest to largest, list the four "fourth integral argument" registers.
Back: %cl, %cx, %ecx, and %rcx.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:%di} is to the {2:first} integral argument whereas {2:%cx} is to the {1:fourth} integral argument.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
Bibliography
- Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.