--- title: Procedures TARGET DECK: Obsidian::STEM FILE TAGS: x86-64 tags: - x86-64 --- ## Overview The x86-64 stack grows towards lower addresses. When a procedure is invoked, more spack on the top of the stack is allocated for that procedure to make use of. This portion of the stack is called a **frame**. The general shape of the stack looks as follows: ![[x86-64-stack.png]] Note parts of this diagram are omitted when possible. For instance, a stack frame may not exist at all if all arguments to a **leaf procedure** can be passed through registers. A leaf procedure is a function that does not call another function. %%ANKII Basic What ADT is used internally in procedure-calling mechanisms? Back: A stack. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKII Cloze The x86-64 stack grows towards {lower} addresses. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic What is a frame w.r.t. the x86-64 stack? Back: A region of the stack dedicated to a particular function call. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic What instructions are used to store and retrieve from the x86-64 stack? Back: `pushq` and `popq`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic What does the "stack pointer" refer to w.r.t. the x86-64 stack? Back: Register `%rsp`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How is the stack pointer manipulated to allocate space on the x86-64 stack? Back: By decrementing `%rsp` by an appropriate amount. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How is the stack pointer manipulated to deallocate space on the x86-64 stack? Back: By incrementing `%rsp` by an appropriate amount. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic Suppose procedure `P` calls `Q`. What data sits at the end of `P`'s frame? Back: A return address. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze A {leaf} procedure is a function that {does not call another function}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic Suppose procedure `P` calls `Q`. The return address belongs to who's frame? Back: `P` Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic Suppose procedure `P` calls `Q`. Why is the return address considered to be in `P`'s frame? Back: It is state relevant to `P`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% ## Control Transfer Like [[conditions#JMP|JMP]] instructions, `call` allows specifying a direct or indirect operand. `call` pushes the address of the instruction following it onto the stack and updates the PC to the operand. `ret` reverts these steps. | Instruction | Operands | Description | | ----------- | ----------- | ---------------- | | `call` | Label | Procedure call | | `call` | \**Operand* | Procedure call | | `ret` | | Return from call | %%ANKI Cloze The {`call`} instruction is the counterpart to the {`ret`} instruction. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic What two things does the `call` instruction do? Back: It pushes the return address on the stack and updates the PC. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic What two things does the `ret` instruction do? Back: It pops the return address off the stack and updates the PC. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic The operand forms of `call` mirror what other instruction class? Back: `JMP` Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic A `call` instruction pushes what address onto the stack? Back: That of the instruction following the `call` instruction. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic What return address is pushed onto the stack after `call` is run? ```x86 1: ... 2: callq .L1 3: ... ``` Back: `3` Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic What address is the PC updated to after `call` is run? ```x86 1: ... 2: callq .L1 3: ... ``` Back: That corresponding to label `.L1`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic Which register(s) does a `call` instruction update? Back: `%rsp` and `%rip`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic Which register(s) does a `ret` instruction update? Back: `%rsp` and `%rip`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% ## Data Transfer x86-64 employs 6 registers for passing integral (i.e. integer and pointer) arguments between caller and callee. | Bits | Arg 1 | Arg2 | Arg3 | Arg4 | Arg5 | Arg6 | | ---- | ------ | ------ | ------ | ------ | ------ | ------ | | 64 | `%rdi` | `%rsi` | `%rdx` | `%rcx` | `%r8` | `%r9` | | 32 | `%edi` | `%esi` | `%edx` | `%ecx` | `%r8d` | `%r9d` | | 16 | `%di` | `%si` | `%dx` | `%cx` | `%r8w` | `%r9w` | | 8 | `%dil` | `%sil` | `%dl` | `%cl` | `%r8b` | `%r9b` | %%ANKI Basic How many registers are available for passing integral arguments between procedures? Back: `6` Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%rdi` register? Back: $8$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%di` register? Back: $2$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%dil` register? Back: $1$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%edi` register? Back: $4$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze By convention, register {`%rdi`} is used for {the first integral argument}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze {1:Words} are to {2:`%di`} whereas {2:double words} are to {1:`%edi`}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze {1:Bytes} are to {2:`%dil`} whereas {2:quad words} are to {1:`%rdi`}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order 2 bytes of `%rdi`? Back: By using `%di`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order 4 bytes of `%rdi`? Back: By using `%edi`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order byte of `%rdi`? Back: By using `%dil`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic Which register should the first integral argument of a procedure be placed in? Back: `%rdi` Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic From smallest to largest, list the four "first integral argument" registers. Back: `%dil`, `%di`, `%edi`, and `%rdi`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%rsi` register? Back: $8$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%si` register? Back: $2$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%sil` register? Back: $1$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%esi` register? Back: $4$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze By convention, register {`%rsi`} is used for {the second integral argument}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze {1:Words} are to {2:`%si`} whereas {2:double words} are to {1:`%esi`}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze {1:Bytes} are to {2:`%sil`} whereas {2:quad words} are to {1:`%rsi`}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order 2 bytes of `%rsi`? Back: By using `%si`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order 4 bytes of `%rsi`? Back: By using `%esi`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order byte of `%rsi`? Back: By using `%sil`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic Which register should the second integral argument of a procedure be placed in? Back: `%rsi` Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic From smallest to largest, list the four "second integral argument" registers. Back: `%sil`, `%si`, `%esi`, and `%rsi`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze {1:`%rdi`} is to the {2:first} integral argument whereas {2:`%rsi`} is to the {1:second} integral argument. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%rdx` register? Back: $8$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%dx` register? Back: $2$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%dl` register? Back: $1$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%edx` register? Back: $4$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze By convention, register {`%rdx`} is used for {the third integral argument}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze {1:Words} are to {2:`%dx`} whereas {2:double words} are to {1:`%edx`}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze {1:Bytes} are to {2:`%dl`} whereas {2:quad words} are to {1:`%rdx`}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order 2 bytes of `%rdx`? Back: By using `%dx`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order 4 bytes of `%rdx`? Back: By using `%edx`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order byte of `%rdx`? Back: By using `%dl`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic Which register should the third integral argument of a procedure be placed in? Back: `%rdx` Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic From smallest to largest, list the four "third integral argument" registers. Back: `%dl`, `%dx`, `%edx`, and `%rdx`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze {1:`%dil`} is to the {2:first} integral argument whereas {2:`%dl`} is to the {1:third} integral argument. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%rcx` register? Back: $8$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%ecx` register? Back: $4$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%cx` register? Back: $2$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How many bytes make up the `%cl` register? Back: $1$ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze By convention, register {`%rcx`} is used for {the fourth integral argument}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze {1:Words} are to {2:`%cx`} whereas {2:quad words} are to {1:`%rcx`}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze {1:Bytes} are to {2:`%cl`} whereas {2:double words} are to {1:`%ecx`}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order 2 bytes of `%rcx`? Back: By using `%cx`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order 4 bytes of `%rcx`? Back: By using `%ecx`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic How do you access the low-order byte of `%rcx`? Back: By using `%cl`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic Which register should the fourth integral argument of a procedure be placed in? Back: `%rcx` Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Basic From smallest to largest, list the four "fourth integral argument" registers. Back: `%cl`, `%cx`, `%ecx`, and `%rcx`. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% %%ANKI Cloze {1:`%di`} is to the {2:first} integral argument whereas {2:`%cx`} is to the {1:fourth} integral argument. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. END%% ## Bibliography * Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.