notebook/notes/x86-64/instructions.md

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Instructions Obsidian::STEM x86-64
x86-64

Overview

x86-64 instructions are designed so that commonly used instructions and those with fewer operands are encoded in a smaller number of bytes. Instructions range in length from 1 to 15 bytes.

x86-64 assembly comes in two flavors: ATT and Intel. ATT is most common in Linux systems so I focus on that. The most important distinction between the two is operand ordering: Intel syntax lists multiple operands in reverse order compared to ATT.

%%ANKI Basic x86-64 assembly comes in what two formats? Back: ATT and Intel. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which x86-64 assembly format does Linux use? Back: ATT. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which x86-64 assembly format does Microsoft use? Back: Intel. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the "most confusing" difference between ATT and Intel assembly? Back: Multiple operands in one are listed in reverse order relative to the other. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What term describes assembly lines with a leading .? Back: Directives. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Assembly directives are important for what two programs? Back: The assembler and the linker. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

Instruction Classes

There are three types of operands:

  • Immediates. These denote constant values. In ATT assembly, they are written with a $ followed by an integer using standard C notation.
  • Registers. These denote the contents of a register.
  • Memory. These denote some memory location according to a computed address (i.e. the effective address).
Type Form Operand Value Name
Immediate \textdollar Imm Imm Immediate
Register r_a R[r_a] Register
Memory Imm M[Imm] Absolute
Memory (r_a) M[R[r_a]] Indirect
Memory Imm(r_b) M[Imm + R[r_b]] Base + displacement
Memory (r_b, r_i) M[R[r_b] + R[r_i]] Indexed
Memory Imm(r_b, r_i) M[Imm + R[r_b] + R[r_i]] Indexed
Memory (,r_i,s) M[R[r_i] \cdot s] Scaled indexed
Memory Imm(,r_i,s) M[Imm + R[r_i] \cdot s] Scaled indexed
Memory (r_b,r_i,s) M[R[r_b] + R[r_i] \cdot s] Scaled indexed
Memory Imm(r_b,r_i,s) M[Imm + R[r_b] + R[r_i] \cdot s] Scaled indexed

%%ANKI Basic What are the three types of operands instructions can act on? Back: Immediates, registers, and memory addresses. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What are the types of source operands instructions can specify? Back: Immediates, registers, and memory addresses. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What are the types of destination operands instructions can specify? Back: Registers and memory addresses. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What does an immediate operand denote? Back: A constant value. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic In ATT syntax, how is an immediate written? Back: As a $$ followed by an integer using standard C notation. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic In ATT syntax, how is a register written? Back: As a % followed by the name of the register. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the operand value of form \textdollar Imm? Back: Imm Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the operand value of form r_a? Back: R[r_a] Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the operand value of form Imm? Back: M[Imm] Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the operand value of form (r_a)? Back: M[R[r_a]] Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the operand value of form Imm(r_b)? Back: M[Imm + R[r_b]] Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the operand value of form (r_b, r_i)? Back: M[R[r_b] + R[r_i]] Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the operand value of form Imm(r_b, r_i)? Back: M[Imm + R[r_b] + R[r_i]] Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the operand value of form (,r_i,s)? Back: M[R[r_i] \cdot s] Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the operand value of form Imm(,r_i,s)? Back: M[Imm + R[r_i] \cdot s] Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the operand value of form (r_b,r_i,s)? Back: M[R[r_b] + R[r_i] \cdot s] Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the operand value of form Imm(r_b,r_i,s)? Back: M[Imm + R[r_b] + R[r_i] \cdot s] Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What distinguishes operand value r_a from (r_a)? Back: The former denotes the register value. The latter denotes the value in memory at the address stored in r_a. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What values can s take on in operand form Imm(r_b,r_i,s)? Back: 1, 2, 4, or 8. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What operand form is named "immediate"? Back: \textdollar Imm Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What operand form is named "register"? Back: r_a Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What operand form is named "absolute"? Back: Imm Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What operand form is named "indirect"? Back: (r_a) Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What operand form is named "base + displacement"? Back: Imm(r_b) Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the most general operand form named "indexed" (not "scaled indexed")? Back: Imm(r_b, r_i) Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the most general operand form named "scaled indexed" (not indexed)? Back: Imm(r_b, r_i, s) Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

MOV

The MOV instruction class has four primary variants: movb, movw, movl, and movq. There also exist zero extension and sign extension variations in the forms of MOVS and MOVZ.

Instruction Operands Effect Description
mov[bwlq] S, D D <- S Move byte/word/double word/quad word
movabsq I, R R <- I Move quad word
movzb[wlq] S, R R <- ZE(S) Move zero-extended byte
movzw[lq] S, R R <- ZE(S) Move zero-extended word
movsb[wlq] S, R R <- SE(S) Move sign-extended byte
movsw[lq] S, R R <- SE(S) Move sign-extended word
movslq S, R R <- SE(S) Move sign-extended double word
cltq %rax <- SE(%eax) Sign-extend %eax to %rax

Notice there is no movzlq instruction. movl covers this functionality since, by convention, instructions moving double words into a 64-bit register automatically zeroes out the upper 32 bits.

%%ANKI Basic What four variants does MOV instructions take on in x86-64? Back: movb, movw, movl, movq Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic How many bytes does a movb instruction operate on? Back: One. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic How many bytes does a movw instruction operate on? Back: Two. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic How many bytes does a movl instruction operate on? Back: Four. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic How many bytes does a movq instruction operate on? Back: Eight. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What combination of source and destination types is prohibited in MOV instructions? Back: A source and destination memory address. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after instruction movl $0x4050,%eax? Back: Upper 32-bits is 0 and lower 32-bits is 0x4050. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after instruction movq $0x4050,%rax? Back: The 64-bit value is 0x4050. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after instruction movw $0x4050,%ax? Back: The upper 48 bits are unchanged and the lower 16 bits are 0x4050. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after instruction movb $0x4050,%al? Back: The upper 56 bits are unchanged and the lower 8 bits are 0x50. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after instruction movw $0x4050,%al? Back: N/A. Invalid operand for instruction. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What caveat is applied to the source operand of movq? Back: Immediates are 32-bit two's-complement numbers sign extended to 64-bits. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What mov instruction is needed when working with 64-bit immediate sources? Back: movabsq Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What purpose does movabsq solve that movq does not? Back: movabsq can have an arbitrary 64-bit immediate source. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after the following instructions?

movabsq $0x0011223344556677, %rax
movb    $-1, %al

Back: 0x00112233445566FF Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after the following instructions?

movabsq $0x0011223344556677, %rax
movw    $-1, %ax

Back: 0x001122334455FFFF Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after the following instructions?

movabsq $0x0011223344556677, %rax
movl    $-1, %eax

Back: 0x00000000FFFFFFFF Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after the following instructions?

movabsq $0x0011223344556677, %rax
movq    $-1, %rax

Back: 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the MOVZ instruction class? Back: MOV instructions that zero extend the source to fit into the destination. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the MOVS instruction class? Back: MOV instructions that sign extend the source to fit into the destination. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What does the movzbw instruction do? Back: Moves a zero-extended byte to a word. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What does the movslq instruction do? Back: Moves a sign-extended double word to a quad word. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What does the movslb instruction do? Back: N/A. This instruction does not exist. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What combinatorial argument explains the number of MOVS instructions? Back: There exists an instruction for each smaller declaration to larger declaration. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What MOVZ instruction is "missing"? Back: movzlq Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Why does there not exist a movzlq instruction? Back: Because movl already zeroes out the upper bits of a destination register. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after the following instructions?

movabsq $0x0011223344556677, %rax
movb    $0xAA, %dl
movb    %dl,%al

Back: 0x00112233445566AA Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after the following instructions?

movabsq $0x0011223344556677, %rax
movb    $0xAA, %dl
movsbq  %dl,%rax

Back: 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFAA Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the result of %rax after the following instructions?

movabsq $0x0011223344556677, %rax
movb    $0xAA, %dl
movzbq  %dl,%rax

Back: 0x00000000000000AA Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze A {pointer} in C is a {memory address} in x86. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Dereferencing a pointer in C equates to what two operations in x86? Back: Copying the pointer into a register and then using the register in a memory reference. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

PUSH and POP

Instruction Operands Effect Description
pushq S R[%rsp] <- R[%rsp] - 8
M[R[%rsp]] <- S
Push quad word
popq D D <- M[R[%rsp]]
R[%rsp] <- R[%rsp] + 8
Pop quad word

In x86 processors, the stack grows downward, with the "top" of the stack corresponding to lower addresses.

%%ANKI Basic In what direction do x86-64 stacks grow? Back: Downward. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The x86-64 stack grows such that the top element has the {lowest} address of all stack elements. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What instruction is used to push elements onto the stack? Back: pushq Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What instruction is used to pop elements off of the stack? Back: popq Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic How is pushq %rbp equivalently written using a pair of instructions? Back:

subq 8,%rsp
movq %rbp,(%rsp)

Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic How is popq %rax equivalently written using a pair of instructions? Back:

movq (%rsp),%rax
addq 8,%rsp

Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze {1:pushq} is to {2:subq} as {2:popq} is to {1:addq}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic If %rsp has value 0x108, what value does it have after a pushq instruction? Back: 0x100 Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic If %rsp has value 0x108, what value does it have after a popq instruction? Back: 0x110 Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which register contains a pointer to the top of the stack? Back: %rsp Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What is the %rsp register typically used for? Back: The stack pointer. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

Load Effective Address

Instruction Operands Effect Description
leaq S, D D <- &S Load effective address

leaq is a variant of MOV. The first operand appears to be a memory address, but instead of reading from the designated location, the instruction copies the effective address to the designated location (a register).

%%ANKI Basic leaq is considered a variant of what other instruction class? Back: MOV Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Why is the leaq instruction named the way it is? Back: It stands for load effective address. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The {leaq} instruction is to x86-64 as the {&} operator is to C. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which x86-64 instruction is used to generate pointers? Back: leaq Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Why doesn't leaq have any other size variants? Back: x96-64 addresses are always 64-bit. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Suppose %rdx contains x. Use leaq to set %rax to 5x + 7. Back: leaq 7(%rdx, %rdx, 4), %rax Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Besides effective memory computations, how else is leaq used? Back: For certain arithmetic operations. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Assume %rdx holds q. What is the value of %rax in the following?

leaq 9(%rdx),%rax

Back: 9 + q Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Assume %rbx holds p and %rdx holds q. What is the value of %rax in the following?

leaq (%rdx, %rbx),%rax

Back: q + q Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Assume %rbx holds p. What is the value of %rax in the following?

leaq 2(%rbx, %rbx, 7),%rax

Back: 2 + 8p Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Assume %rdx holds q. What is the value of %rax in the following?

leaq 0xE(, %rdx, 3),%rax

Back: 14 + 3q Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

Unary Operations

Instruction Operands Effect Description
inc[bwlq] D D <- D + 1 Increment
dec[bwlq] D D <- D - 1 Decrement
neg[bwlq] D D <- -D Negate
not[bwlq] D D <- ~D Complement

%%ANKI Basic What four variants do INC instructions take on in x86-64? Back: incb, incw, incl, incq Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction class corresponds to effect D \leftarrow D + 1? Back: INC Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What source/destination types are permitted in unary instructions? Back: Registers and memory addresses. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What do the instructions in the INC instruction class do? Back: Increments the specified destination by 1. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The {INC} instruction class is to x86-64 whereas the {++} operator is to C. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What do the instructions in the DEC instruction class do? Back: Decrements the specified destination by 1. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction class corresponds to effect D \leftarrow D - 1? Back: DEC Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The {DEC} instruction class is to x86-64 whereas the {--} operator is to C. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What do the instructions in the NEG instruction class do? Back: Negates the specified destination. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction class corresponds to effect D \leftarrow -D? Back: NEG Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The {NEG} instruction class is to x86-64 whereas the {-} unary operator is to C. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What do the instructions in the NOT instruction class do? Back: Complements the specified destination. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction class corresponds to effect D \leftarrow \textasciitilde D? Back: NOT Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The {NOT} instruction class is to x86-64 whereas the {~} operator is to C. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze {1:NEG} is to {2:negation} whereas {2:NOT} is to {1:complement}. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

Binary Operations

Instruction Operands Effect Description
add[bwlq] S, D D <- D + S Addition
sub[bwlq] S, D D <- D - S Subtraction
imul[bwlq] S, D D <- D * S Multiplication
xor[bwlq] S, D D <- D ^ S Exclusive-or
or[bwlq] S, D D <- D | S Or
and[bwlq] S, D D <- D & S And

%%ANKI Basic What four variants do ADD instructions take on in x86-64? Back: addb, addw, addl, addq Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What combination of source and destination types is prohibited in ADD instructions? Back: A source and destination memory address. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction class corresponds to effect D \leftarrow D + S? Back: ADD Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The {ADD} instruction class is to x86-64 as the {+=} operator is to C. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction class corresponds to effect D \leftarrow D - S? Back: SUB Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which SUB instruction is equivalent to decq %rcx? Back:

subq $1, %rcx

Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic How does Bryant et al. recommend reading SUB instructions? Back: As subtracting the first operand from the second. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The {SUB} instruction class is to x86-64 as the {-=} operator is to C. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction class corresponds to effect D \leftarrow D * S? Back: IMUL Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The {IMUL} instruction class is to x86-64 as the {*=} operator is to C. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction class corresponds to effect D \leftarrow D \;^\wedge\; S? Back: XOR Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The {XOR} instruction class is to x86-64 as the {^=} operator is to C. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction class corresponds to effect D \leftarrow D \mid S? Back: OR Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The {OR} instruction class is to x86-64 as the {|=} operator is to C. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction class corresponds to effect D \leftarrow D \;\&\; S? Back: AND Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Cloze The {AND} instruction class is to x86-64 as the {&=} operator is to C. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016. Tags: c17

END%%

Shift Operations

Instruction Operands Effect Description
sal[bwlq] k, D D <- D << k Left shift
shl[bwlq] k, D D <- D << k Left shift
sar[bwlq] k, D D <- D >> k Arithmetic right shift
shr[bwlq] k, D D <- D >>> k Logical right shift

%%ANKI Basic What do instructions in the SAL instruction class do? Back: Performs a left shift. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What do instructions in the SHL instruction class do? Back: Performs a left shift. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction classes are related to left shifts? Back: SAL and SHL. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which instruction classes are related to right shifts? Back: SAR and SHR. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What do instructions in the SAR instruction class do? Back: Performs an arithmetic right shift. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What do instructions in the SHR instruction class do? Back: Performs a logical right shift. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What distinguishes the SAR and SHR instruction classes? Back: The former is arithmetic whereas the latter is logical. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What distinguishes the SAL and SHL instruction classes? Back: N/A. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic Which register do shift operations refer to? Back: %cl Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic How many lower-order bits of %cl does e.g. salb look at? Back: 3 Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What can the source of a shift operation be? Back: An immediate or the %cl register. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic What can the destination of a shift operation be? Back: A register or memory location. Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic How many lower-order bits of %cl does e.g. salw look at? Back: 4 Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic How many lower-order bits of %cl does e.g. sall look at? Back: 5 Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

%%ANKI Basic How many lower-order bits of %cl does e.g. salq look at? Back: 6 Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

END%%

Bibliography

  • Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.