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Joshua Potter 2024-10-10 05:25:27 -06:00
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---
title: "2024-10-10"
---
- [x] Anki Flashcards
- [x] KoL
- [x] OGS
- [ ] Sheet Music (10 min.)
- [ ] Korean (Read 1 Story)
* Continuing notes on x86 procedures. Control and data transfer.

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title: "2024-10-07"
---
- [ ] Anki Flashcards
- [x] Anki Flashcards
- [x] KoL
- [x] OGS
- [ ] Sheet Music (10 min.)

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title: "2024-10-08"
---
- [x] Anki Flashcards
- [x] KoL
- [ ] OGS
- [ ] Sheet Music (10 min.)
- [ ] Korean (Read 1 Story)
* Read through CS:APP section on procedure calls. Still need to make notes.

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---
title: "2024-10-09"
---
- [x] Anki Flashcards
- [x] KoL
- [x] OGS
- [ ] Sheet Music (10 min.)
- [ ] Korean (Read 1 Story)
* Start adding notes on [[procedures]].

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%%ANKI
Basic
What kind of array has literals?
What kind of array can be expressed as a literal?
Back: Strings.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1728244147668-->

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@ -333,20 +333,6 @@ Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co
<!--ID: 1728244147560-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose I pass the following array to a function. What does the parameter look like?
```c
double a[M][N][P];
```
Back:
```c
double a[][N][P];
```
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1728244147578-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Why shouldn't you use the `sizeof` operator on array parameters to functions?

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@ -26,22 +26,6 @@ Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (
<!--ID: 1716307180959-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Given a hash table with hash function $h$, the element at slot $k$ has what key?
Back: A key $k'$ such that $h(k') = k$.
Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
<!--ID: 1716307180961-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Given a hash table with hash function $h$, an element with key $k$ is placed in what slot?
Back: $h(k)$
Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
<!--ID: 1716307180962-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Given a hash table `T[0:m-1]`, what is the domain of a hash function?

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@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose $A \cap B = A$. What relation immediately follows?
Back: $B = A$
Back: $A \subseteq B$
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1726797814900-->
END%%

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@ -703,14 +703,6 @@ Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Pre
<!--ID: 1721870888384-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Given $R = \{\langle a, a \rangle, \langle b, c \rangle\}$, is $R$ irreflexive on $a$?
Back: N/A. We should ask if $R$ is irreflexive on set $\{a\}$.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1721870888391-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* isn't $R = \{\langle a, a \rangle, \langle b, c \rangle\}$ irreflexive on $\{a\}$?

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@ -294,6 +294,55 @@ Tags: c17
<!--ID: 1714677608754-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register does `cltq` target?
Back: `%rax`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728382784100-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does the `cltq` instruction do?
Back: Sign extends `%eax` to `%rax`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728382784104-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What equivalent instruction to the following does x86-64 provide?
```asm
movslq %eax, %rax
```
Back: `cltq`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728382784107-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What equivalent instruction to the following does x86-64 provide?
```asm
movzlq %eax, %rax
```
Back: N/A.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728479148446-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How can the following instruction be rewritten using a MOV?
```asm
cltq
```
Back: `movslq %eax, %rax`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728382784110-->
END%%
## PUSH and POP
| Instruction | Operands | Effect | Description |

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---
title: Procedures
TARGET DECK: Obsidian::STEM
FILE TAGS: x86-64
tags:
- x86-64
---
## Overview
The x86-64 stack grows towards lower addresses. When a procedure is invoked, more spack on the top of the stack is allocated for that procedure to make use of. This portion of the stack is called a **frame**. The general shape of the stack looks as follows:
![[x86-64-stack.png]]
Note parts of this diagram are omitted when possible. For instance, a stack frame may not exist at all if all arguments to a **leaf procedure** can be passed through registers. A leaf procedure is a function that does not call another function.
%%ANKII
Basic
What ADT is used internally in procedure-calling mechanisms?
Back: A stack.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKII
Cloze
The x86-64 stack grows towards {lower} addresses.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is a frame w.r.t. the x86-64 stack?
Back: A region of the stack dedicated to a particular function call.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728480337611-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What instructions are used to store and retrieve from the x86-64 stack?
Back: `pushq` and `popq`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728480337614-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does the "stack pointer" refer to w.r.t. the x86-64 stack?
Back: Register `%rsp`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728480337617-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How is the stack pointer manipulated to allocate space on the x86-64 stack?
Back: By decrementing `%rsp` by an appropriate amount.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728480337621-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How is the stack pointer manipulated to deallocate space on the x86-64 stack?
Back: By incrementing `%rsp` by an appropriate amount.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728480337604-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose procedure `P` calls `Q`. What data sits at the end of `P`'s frame?
Back: A return address.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728481058927-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
A {leaf} procedure is a function that {does not call another function}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728481058953-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose procedure `P` calls `Q`. The return address belongs to who's frame?
Back: `P`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728481058960-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose procedure `P` calls `Q`. Why is the return address considered to be in `P`'s frame?
Back: It is state relevant to `P`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728481058966-->
END%%
## Control Transfer
Like [[conditions#JMP|JMP]] instructions, `call` allows specifying a direct or indirect operand. `call` pushes the address of the instruction following it onto the stack and updates the PC to the operand. `ret` reverts these steps.
| Instruction | Operands | Description |
| ----------- | ----------- | ---------------- |
| `call` | Label | Procedure call |
| `call` | \**Operand* | Procedure call |
| `ret` | | Return from call |
%%ANKI
Cloze
The {`call`} instruction is the counterpart to the {`ret`} instruction.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728558288130-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What two things does the `call` instruction do?
Back: It pushes the return address on the stack and updates the PC.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728558288148-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What two things does the `ret` instruction do?
Back: It pops the return address off the stack and updates the PC.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728558288160-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
The operand forms of `call` mirror what other instruction class?
Back: `JMP`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728558288165-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
A `call` instruction pushes what address onto the stack?
Back: That of the instruction following the `call` instruction.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728558288171-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What return address is pushed onto the stack after `call` is run?
```x86
1: ...
2: callq .L1
3: ...
```
Back: `3`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728558288177-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What address is the PC updated to after `call` is run?
```x86
1: ...
2: callq .L1
3: ...
```
Back: That corresponding to label `.L1`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728558288183-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register(s) does a `call` instruction update?
Back: `%rsp` and `%rip`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336730-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register(s) does a `ret` instruction update?
Back: `%rsp` and `%rip`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336760-->
END%%
## Data Transfer
x86-64 employs 6 registers for passing integral (i.e. integer and pointer) arguments between caller and callee.
| Bits | Arg 1 | Arg2 | Arg3 | Arg4 | Arg5 | Arg6 |
| ---- | ------ | ------ | ------ | ------ | ------ | ------ |
| 64 | `%rdi` | `%rsi` | `%rdx` | `%rcx` | `%r8` | `%r9` |
| 32 | `%edi` | `%esi` | `%edx` | `%ecx` | `%r8d` | `%r9d` |
| 16 | `%di` | `%si` | `%dx` | `%cx` | `%r8w` | `%r9w` |
| 8 | `%dil` | `%sil` | `%dl` | `%cl` | `%r8b` | `%r9b` |
%%ANKI
Basic
How many registers are available for passing integral arguments between procedures?
Back: `6`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336766-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the `%rdi` register?
Back: $8$
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336770-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the `%di` register?
Back: $2$
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336774-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the `%dil` register?
Back: $1$
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336779-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the `%edi` register?
Back: $4$
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336782-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
By convention, register {`%rdi`} is used for {the first integral argument}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336787-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Words} are to {2:`%di`} whereas {2:double words} are to {1:`%edi`}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336792-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Bytes} are to {2:`%dil`} whereas {2:quad words} are to {1:`%rdi`}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336797-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 2 bytes of `%rdi`?
Back: By using `%di`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336802-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 4 bytes of `%rdi`?
Back: By using `%edi`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336808-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order byte of `%rdi`?
Back: By using `%dil`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336813-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register should the first integral argument of a procedure be placed in?
Back: `%rdi`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336817-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
From smallest to largest, list the four "first integral argument" registers.
Back: `%dil`, `%di`, `%edi`, and `%rdi`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336823-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the `%rsi` register?
Back: $8$
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336829-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the `%si` register?
Back: $2$
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336834-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the `%sil` register?
Back: $1$
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336838-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How many bytes make up the `%esi` register?
Back: $4$
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336843-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
By convention, register {`%rsi`} is used for {the second integral argument}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336847-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Words} are to {2:`%si`} whereas {2:double words} are to {1:`%esi`}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336852-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:Bytes} are to {2:`%sil`} whereas {2:quad words} are to {1:`%rsi`}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336856-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 2 bytes of `%rsi`?
Back: By using `%si`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336860-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order 4 bytes of `%rsi`?
Back: By using `%esi`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336864-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How do you access the low-order byte of `%rsi`?
Back: By using `%sil`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336868-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register should the second integral argument of a procedure be placed in?
Back: `%rsi`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336872-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
From smallest to largest, list the four "second integral argument" registers.
Back: `%sil`, `%si`, `%esi`, and `%rsi`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336876-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{1:`%rdi`} is to the {2:first} integral argument whereas {2:`%rsi`} is to the {1:second} integral argument.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728559336879-->
END%%
## Bibliography
* Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

15
notes/x86-64/registers.md
View File

@ -285,6 +285,21 @@ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Program
<!--ID: 1724119420122-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
By convention, register {`%rip`} is used for {the program counter}.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728558288189-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Which register is used to track the instruction to execute next?
Back: `%rip`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1728558297568-->
END%%
## Condition Codes
The CPU also maintains a set of single-bit **condition code** registers describing attributes of the most recent arithmetic or logical operation.