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Joshua Potter 2024-10-07 07:42:56 -06:00
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commit 926f709811
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47
notes/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-to-anki-plugin/data.json
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@ -206,7 +206,15 @@
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title: "2024-09-30"
---
- [x] Anki Flashcards
- [x] KoL
- [x] OGS
- [ ] Sheet Music (10 min.)
- [ ] Korean (Read 1 Story)

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---
title: "2024-10-07"
---
- [ ] Anki Flashcards
- [x] KoL
- [x] OGS
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title: "2024-10-01"
---
- [x] Anki Flashcards
- [x] KoL
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* Notes on jump tables.

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* Begin adding notes on C [[derived|derived types]].

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* Finished [Query Execution](https://15445.courses.cs.cmu.edu/fall2022/files/hw3-clean.pdf) database homework.

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- [x] Anki Flashcards
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title: "2024-10-06"
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- [x] Anki Flashcards
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* Added notes on array parameter declarations.

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@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is the reflexive property of $o$-notation?
Back: N/A
Back: N/A.
Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
<!--ID: 1709752223399-->
END%%

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@ -42,6 +42,35 @@ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Program
<!--ID: 1707758281270-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What kind of array has literals?
Back: Strings.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1728244147668-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
A {string} is a {`NUL`}-terminated array of {`char`}.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1728244147671-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
`<string.h>` uses prefix {`mem`} to refer to {array} arguments.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1728244147673-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
`<string.h>` uses prefix {`str`} to refer to {string} arguments.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1728244147676-->
END%%
## `printf`
The syntax for the format placeholder is `%[flags][width][.precision][length]specifier`.

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@ -8,21 +8,521 @@ tags:
## Overview
TODO
## Pointers
Pointers have the same size as the machine's word size since it should be able to refer to any virtual address.
A type is said to be **derived** if they are defined relative to other types.
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* does a pointer's size match the machine's word size?
Back: Because it should be able to refer to any virtual address.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1707493017246-->
What is a derived type?
Back: A type defined relative to other types.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575885-->
END%%
## Structures
## Aggregate Data Types
The **aggregate data types** are so called because they combine multiple instances of one or several other data types.
%%ANKI
Basic
What are the two aggregate data types?
Back: Arrays and structures.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575896-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Why are the aggregate data types named the way they are?
Back: They combine multiple instances of one or several other data types.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575904-->
END%%
### Arrays
An array is a contiguous sequence of objects. An array is either a **fixed-length array** (FLA) or a **variable-length array** (VLA).
%%ANKI
Cloze
{Arrays} combine items that all have the same {base type}.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575931-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is the base type of the following array?
```c
double a[4];
```
Back: `double`
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575934-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is the base type of the following array?
```c
double a[4][4];
```
Back: `double[4]`
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575942-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How are parentheses introduced to the following declaration without affecting meaning?
```c
double a[4][4];
```
Back:
```c
double (a[4])[4];
```
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575950-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Consider the following. How many objects make up `a[0]`?
```c
double a[M][N];
```
Back: `N`
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575955-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Consider the following. How many objects make up `a[M - 1]`?
```c
double a[M][N];
```
Back: `N`
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575960-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Consider the following. How many objects make up `a[N - 1]`?
```c
double a[M][N];
```
Back: Indeterminate. This may not be a valid array access.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575965-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Consider the following where `N < M`. How many objects make up `a[N - 1]`?
```c
double a[M][N];
```
Back: `N`
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575971-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Consider the following where `M < N`. How many objects make up `a[N - 1]`?
```c
double a[M][N];
```
Back: N/A. Invalid array access.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575977-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
Array `a[M][N]` is a sequence of {1:`M`} objects each containing {1:`N`} objects.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575984-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Arrays fall under what two categories?
Back: Fixed-length and variable-length.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575990-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Where *must* a VLA be declared?
Back: Within a function.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957575996-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What two ways can the length of an FLA be specified?
Back: By an ICE or an initializer.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576002-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is the following an FLA or VLA?
```c
double a[4];
```
Back: FLA.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576008-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is the following an FLA or VLA?
```c
double a[];
```
Back: N/A. This is invalid syntax.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576013-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is the following an FLA or VLA?
```c
double a[] = { 0 };
```
Back: FLA.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576019-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is the following an FLA or VLA?
```c
int n = 2;
double a[n];
```
Back: VLA.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576025-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is the following an FLA or VLA?
```c
#define n 2
double a[n];
```
Back: FLA.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576030-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is the following an FLA or VLA?
```c
enum { n = 2 };
double a[n];
```
Back: FLA.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576036-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is the following an FLA or VLA?
```c
int n = 2;
double a[n] = {0};
```
Back: N/A. This is an invalid assignment.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576041-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
For the following to be an FLA, what must `N` be?
```c
double a[N];
```
Back: An ICE.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576047-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Replace `EXPR` in the following with an expression to compute the length of `A`.
```c
int A[N];
size_t len = EXPR;
```
Back: `(sizeof A) / (sizeof A[0])`
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576053-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What two syntactic forms does the `sizeof` operator come in?
Back: With and without parentheses.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576058-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
When can the `sizeof` operator elide parentheses?
Back: When operating on an object.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576068-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
When does the `sizeof` operator *require* parentheses?
Back: When operating on a type.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576074-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Apply the possible syntactic forms of the `sizeof` operator to object `a`.
Back:
```c
sizeof a
sizeof(a)
```
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576079-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Apply the possible syntactic forms of the `sizeof` operator to type `int`.
Back:
```c
sizeof(int)
```
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576083-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose I pass the following array to a function. Which dimension is lost?
```c
double a[M][N][P];
```
Back: `M`
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1728244147560-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose I pass the following array to a function. What does the parameter look like?
```c
double a[M][N][P];
```
Back:
```c
double a[][N][P];
```
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1728244147578-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Why shouldn't you use the `sizeof` operator on array parameters to functions?
Back: The innermost dimension of an array parameter to a function is lost.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1728244147581-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How is the following array parameter rewritten using pointer syntax?
```c
void foo(int a[const]) {}
```
Back:
```c
void foo(int *const a) {}
```
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147585-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How is the following array parameter rewritten using pointer syntax?
```c
void foo(const int a[]) {}
```
Back:
```c
void foo(const int *a) {}
```
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147614-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How is the following pointer parameter rewritten using array syntax?
```c
void foo(int *restrict a) {}
```
Back:
```c
void foo(int a[restrict]) {}
```
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147617-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How is the following pointer parameter rewritten using array syntax?
```c
void foo(volatile int *a) {}
```
Back:
```c
void foo(volatile int a[]) {}
```
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147620-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does the `3` keyword guarantee to the compiler?
```c
void bar(int a[3]);
```
Back: N/A. It is ignored.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147623-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* might you see e.g. `3` like in the following prototype?
```c
void bar(int a[3]);
```
Back: It serves as documentation.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147625-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
In the following, what does the `static` keyword guarantee to the compiler?
```c
void bar(int a[static 3]);
```
Back: The minimum number of elements for the compiler to assume `a` contains.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147628-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* does the following produce a compilation error?
```c
void foo(int a[3]);
int main() {
int a[] = { 1, 2 };
foo(a);
}
```
Back: N/A. It doesn't.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147652-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* does the following produce a compilation error?
```c
void foo(int a[static 3]);
int main() {
int a[] = { 1, 2 };
foo(a);
}
```
Back: Because the argument to `foo` does not have at least `3` elements.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147655-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* does the following produce a compilation error?
```c
void foo(int a[static 3]);
int main() {
int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
foo(a);
}
```
Back: N/A. It doesn't.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147658-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* does the following produce a compilation error?
```c
void foo(int a[3]);
int main() {
foo(0);
}
```
Back: N/A. It doesn't.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147661-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* does the following produce a compilation error?
```c
void foo(int a[static 1]);
int main() {
foo(0);
}
```
Back: Because `static` indicates a valid pointer must be passed to `foo`.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
<!--ID: 1728244147664-->
END%%
### Structures
A `struct` is a grouping of data together. It has the following general form:
@ -34,6 +534,13 @@ struct optional_tag {
} optional_var1 ... optional_varM;
```
%%ANKI
Cloze
{Structures} combine items that may have different {base types}.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727957576087-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is the underlined portion of the following declaration called?
@ -112,8 +619,21 @@ Reference: Van der Linden, Peter. _Expert C Programming: Deep C Secrets_. Progra
<!--ID: 1722786892131-->
END%%
## Pointers
Pointers have the same size as the machine's word size since it should be able to refer to any virtual address.
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* does a pointer's size match the machine's word size?
Back: Because it should be able to refer to any virtual address.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1707493017246-->
END%%
## Bibliography
* Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
* “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
* Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
* Van der Linden, Peter. _Expert C Programming: Deep C Secrets_. Programming Languages / C. Mountain View, Cal.: SunSoft Pr, 1994.

2
notes/c17/types/simple.md
View File

@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is the minimum width of an `unsigned long long`?
Back: $64$
Back: $64$ bits.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1727613641635-->
END%%

8
notes/data-structures/b-tree.md
View File

@ -98,14 +98,6 @@ Reference: Donald Ervin Knuth, _Art of Computer Programming, 3: Sorting and Sear
<!--ID: 1723211542028-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is the minimum number of keys a non-root node in a B-tree can have?
Back: N/A. It depends on the tree's order.
Reference: Donald Ervin Knuth, _Art of Computer Programming, 3: Sorting and Searching_, 2. ed., 34. (Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1995).
<!--ID: 1723211542035-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is the minimum number of keys a non-root node in a B-tree of order $m$ can have?

2
notes/formal-system/proof-system/equiv-trans.md
View File

@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose $x \neq y$. *Why* isn't the following a tautology? $$\large{E_{e_1, e_2, e_3, e_4}^{x[1], x[2], y, x[3]}} = E_{(x; \,[1]{:}e_1; \,[2]{:}e_2), e_3, e_4}^{x, y, x[3]}$$
Back: Because not every $x$ was made adjacent before grouping.
Back: N/A. It is.
Reference: Gries, David. *The Science of Programming*. Texts and Monographs in Computer Science. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1981.
<!--ID: 1721495879859-->
END%%

2
notes/formal-system/proof-system/index.md
View File

@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
Proof systems are {syntactic}, not {semantic}.
Proof systems are {syntactic} not {semantic}.
Reference: “Formal System,” in _Wikipedia_, May 10, 2024, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_system](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal_system&oldid=1223254138).
<!--ID: 1721561534211-->
END%%

6
notes/set/index.md
View File

@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How does Knuth define a *dynamic* set?
How does Cormen et al. define a *dynamic* set?
Back: As a set that can change over time.
Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
Tags: adt::dynamic_set
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How does Knuth distinguish mathematical sets from dynamic sets?
How does Cormen et al. distinguish mathematical sets from dynamic sets?
Back: The former is assumed to be unchanging.
Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
Tags: adt::dynamic_set
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How does Knuth define a dictionary?
How does Cormen et al. define a dictionary?
Back: As a dynamic set that allows insertions, deletions, and membership tests.
Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
Tags: adt::dynamic_set

20
notes/set/natural-numbers.md
View File

@ -469,11 +469,19 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What condition of Peano system $\langle N, S, e \rangle$ generalizes the induction principle of $\omega$?
Back: Any set $A \subseteq N$ containing $e$ and closed under $S$ coincides with $N$.
Back: The Peano induction postulate.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1726364667661-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Given Peano system $\langle N, S, e \rangle$, what does the Peano induction postulate state?
Back: Any set $A \subseteq N$ containing $e$ and closed under $S$ coincides with $N$.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1727895401785-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What name is given to the condition of Peano systems involving closures?
@ -852,7 +860,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
The recursion theorem assumes existence of what Peano system?
The recursion theorem on $\omega$ assumes existence of what Peano system?
Back: $\langle \omega, \sigma, 0 \rangle$ where $\sigma$ is the successor operation restricted to the natural numbers.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1727629020357-->
@ -965,7 +973,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
In Enderton's recursion theorem proof, function $h \colon \omega \rightarrow A$ is defined as the union of what?
Back: All "acceptable" functions.
Back: The set of "acceptable" functions.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1727627702457-->
END%%
@ -1004,7 +1012,7 @@ END%%
\
%%ANKI
Basic
In Enderton's recursion theorem proof, what term refers to the "approximating" functions?
In Enderton's recursion theorem proof, what term is used to refer to the "approximating" functions?
Back: They are called "acceptable".
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1727627702465-->
@ -1019,7 +1027,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
In Enderton's recursion theorem proof, desired $h \colon \omega \rightarrow A$ is {a function} because {$\{ n \in \omega \mid \text{ at most one } y \text{ such that } \langle n, y \rangle \in h \}$} is {an inductive set}.
In Enderton's recursion theorem proof, desired $h \colon \omega \rightarrow A$ is {a function} because {$\{ n \in \omega \mid \text{at most one } y \text{ such that } \langle n, y \rangle \in h \}$} is {an inductive set}.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1727627702468-->
END%%
@ -1049,7 +1057,7 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* is there no function $h \colon \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$$, $$\begin{align*} h(0) & = 0 \\ h(n + 1) & = h(n) + 1 \end{align*}$$
*Why* is there no function $h \colon \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$, $$\begin{align*} h(0) & = 0 \\ h(n + 1) & = h(n) + 1 \end{align*}$$
Back: N/A. The resursive theorem of $\omega$ states such an $h$ exists.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1727629020375-->

10
notes/set/order.md
View File

@ -603,11 +603,19 @@ END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is $\{A\}$ a partition of set $A$?
Back: Yes.
Back: Not necessarily.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1721098094091-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
When is $\{A\}$ a partition of set $A$?
Back: When $A \neq \varnothing$.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1727951100840-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Let $A = \{1, 2, 3, 4\}$. Why isn't $\{\{1, 2\}, \{2, 3, 4\}\}$ a partition of $A$?

2
notes/x86-64/instructions/arithmetic.md
View File

@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ Assume `%rbx` holds $p$ and `%rdx` holds $q$. What is the value of `%rax` in the
```asm
leaq (%rdx, %rbx),%rax
```
Back: $q + q$
Back: $q + p$
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1715781031935-->
END%%

62
notes/x86-64/instructions/conditions.md
View File

@ -929,6 +929,68 @@ Tags: c17
<!--ID: 1727632288468-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What efficient data structure do `switch` statements compile down into?
Back: Jump tables.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
Tags: c17
<!--ID: 1727908553985-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What two conditions must be satisfied before a `switch` statement employs a jump table?
Back: A sufficient number of `case` statements that span a small range of values.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
Tags: c17
<!--ID: 1727908554004-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* might a `switch` statements be faster than an equivalent `if`/`else` chain?
Back: A `switch` statement can compile down into a jump table.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
Tags: c17
<!--ID: 1727908554023-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is a jump table?
Back: An array of (code) memory locations to potentially jump to.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1727908554057-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose a `switch` compiles into a jump table. What *is* a missing case?
Back: An offset in the jump table corresponding to an unspecified `case` statement.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
Tags: c17
<!--ID: 1727908554070-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose a `switch` compiles into a jump table. How are missing cases handled?
Back: By using the label (memory location) for the default case.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
Tags: c17
<!--ID: 1727908554114-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Suppose a `switch` compiles into a jump table. How are duplicate cases handled?
Back: By using the same label (memory location) for all duplicate cases.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
Tags: c17
<!--ID: 1727908554128-->
END%%
### CMOV
Like [[access#MOV|MOV]] instructions, but with the data transfer only happening if the move condition is satisfied.