An **object** is a region of data storage in the execution environment, the contents of which can represent **values**. We say an object type is **complete** if there is sufficient information to determine the size of objects of that type. Otherwise we say it is **incomplete**.
An **lvalue** is an expression (with non-`void` object type) that potentially designates an object. An **rvalue** is the "value of the expression."
%%ANKI
Basic
What does an object refer to?
Back: A region of data storage in the execution environment, the contents of which can represent values.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does a value refer to?
Back: The contents of an object when interpreted as having a specific type.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
A {value} refers to the contents of an {object} when interpreted as having a specific type.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Types are partitioned into what two categories?
Back: Object types and function types.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is an object type?
Back: A type that describes objects.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is a function type?
Back: A type that describes functions.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What two parts characterize a function type?
Back: The return type and the number/types of its parameters.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does it mean for an object type to be complete?
Back: There is sufficient information to determine the size of objects of that type.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does it mean for an object type to be incomplete?
Back: There is insufficient information to determine the size of objects of that type.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is an lvalue?
Back: An expression (with non-`void` object type) that potentially designates an object.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Why are lvalues named the way they are?
Back: The name is an acronym for **l**ocator **value**.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is an rvalue?
Back: The value of an expression.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Why are rvalues named the way they are?
Back: The name is an acronym for **r**ight **value**.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What object type can an lvalue *not* have?
Back: `void`
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What object type can an lvalue have?
Back: Any object type other than `void`.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Can an lvalue designate an object?
Back: Yes.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Can an lvalue designate a function?
Back: No.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is `x` an lvalue or rvalue in the following snippet?
```c
int x = 10;
```
Back: An lvalue.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is `int` an lvalue or rvalue in the following snippet?
```c
int x = 10;
```
Back: Neither.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is `10` an lvalue or rvalue in the following snippet?
```c
int x = 10;
```
Back: An rvalue.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* is `x` an lvalue in the following?
```c
int x = 10;
```
Back: Because `x` refers to a memory location.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is `x` an lvalue or rvalue in the following snippet?
```c
void x;
```
Back: Neither.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is `x` an lvalue or rvalue in the following snippet?
```c
void *x;
```
Back: An lvalue.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is `y` an lvalue or rvalue in the following snippet?
```c
int y = x + 10;
```
Back: An lvalue.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is `x` an lvalue or rvalue in the following snippet?
```c
int y = x + 10;
```
Back: An rvalue.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
In the second line, is `ptr` an lvalue or rvalue?
```c
int *ptr = &x;
*ptr = 10;
```
Back: An lvalue.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
In the second line, is `*ptr` an lvalue or rvalue?
```c
int *ptr = &x;
*ptr = 10;
```
Back: An lvalue.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is `getValue` an lvalue or rvalue in the following snippet?
```c
int getValue () {
return 42;
}
```
Back: Neither.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is `getValue()` an lvalue or rvalue in the following snippet?
```c
int d = getValue();
```
Back: An rvalue.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*Why* is `getValue` in the following snippet neither an lvalue nor an rvalue?
```c
int getValue() {
return 42;
}
```
Back: The function name is just syntax. That is, it isn't an expression.
Reference: “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Are variables typically lvalues or rvalues?
Back: lvalues.
Reference: ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Are constants typically lvalues or rvalues?
Back: rvalues.
Reference: ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Are array elements typically lvalues or rvalues?
Back: lvalues.
Reference: ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Are dereferenced pointers typically lvalues or rvalues?
Back: lvalues.
Reference: ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Are temporary values typically lvalues or rvalues?
Back: rvalues.
Reference: ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Does `x` have complete or incomplete object type in the following?
```c
void x;
```
Back: Incomplete.
Reference: ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Does `x` have complete or incomplete object type in the following?
```c
int x;
```
Back: Complete.
Reference: ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Does `x` have complete or incomplete object type in the following?
```c
void *x;
```
Back: Complete.
Reference: ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
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END%%
## Bibliography
* “ISO: Programming Languages - C,” April 12, 2011, [https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf](https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.pdf).
