bookshelf/Common/Real/Sequence.tex

\documentclass{article}

\input{../../preamble}
\makecode{../..}

\begin{document}

\header{Sequences}{}

\tableofcontents

\section{Summations}%
\hyperlabel{sec:summations}

\subsection{\verified{Arithmetic Series}}%
\hyperlabel{sub:sum-arithmetic-series}

  Let $(a_i)_{i \geq 0}$ be an arithmetic sequence with common difference $d$.
    Then for some $n \in \mathbb{N}$,
    \begin{equation}
      \hyperlabel{sub:sum-arithmetic-series-eq1}
      \sum_{i=0}^n a_i = \frac{(n + 1)(a_0 + a_n)}{2}.
    \end{equation}

  \code{Common/Real/Sequence/Arithmetic}
    {Real.Arithmetic.sum\_recursive\_closed}

  \begin{proof}

    Let $(a_i)_{i \geq 0}$ be an arithmetic sequence with common difference $d$.
    By definition, for all $k \in \mathbb{N}$,
      \begin{equation}
        \hyperlabel{sub:sum-arithmetic-series-eq2}
        a_k = (a_0 + kd).
      \end{equation}
    Define predicate $P(n)$ as "identity \eqref{sub:sum-arithmetic-series-eq1}
      holds for value $n$."
    We use induction to prove $P(n)$ holds for all $n \geq 0$.

    \paragraph{Base Case}%

      Let $k = 0$.
      Then $$\sum_{i=0}^k a_i = a_0 = \frac{2a_0}{2} =
        \frac{(k + 1)(a_0 + a_k)}{2}.$$
      Therefore $P(0)$ holds.

    \paragraph{Induction Step}%

      Assume induction hypothesis $P(k)$ holds for some $k \geq 0$.
      Then
        \begin{align*}
          \sum_{i=0}^{k+1} a_i
            & = \sum_{i=0}^k a_i + a_{k+1} \\
            & = \frac{(k + 1)(a_0 + a_k)}{2} + a_{k+1}
              & \text{induction hypothesis} \\
            & = \frac{(k + 1)(a_0 + (a_0 + kd))}{2} + (a_0 + (k + 1)d)
              & \eqref{sub:sum-arithmetic-series-eq2} \\
            & = \frac{(k + 1)(2a_0 + kd)}{2} + (a_0 + (k + 1)d) \\
            & = \frac{(k + 1)(2a_0 + kd) + 2a_0 + 2(k + 1)d}{2} \\
            & = \frac{2ka_0 + k^2d + 4a_0 + kd + 2kd + 2d}{2} \\
            & = \frac{(k + 2)(2a_0 + kd + d)}{2} \\
            & = \frac{(k + 2)(a_0 + a_0 + (k + 1)d)}{2} \\
            & = \frac{(k + 2)(a_0 + a_{k+1})}{2}
              & \eqref{sub:sum-arithmetic-series-eq2} \\
            & = \frac{((k + 1) + 1)(a_0 + a_{k+1})}{2}.
        \end{align*}
      Thus $P(k)$ implies $P(k + 1)$ holds true.

    \paragraph{Conclusion}%

      By mathematical induction, it follows for all $n \geq 0$, $P(n)$ is true.

  \end{proof}

\subsection{\verified{Geometric Series}}%
\hyperlabel{sub:sum-geometric-series}

  Let $(a_i)_{i \geq 0}$ be a geometric sequence with common ratio $r \neq 1$.
    Then for some $n \in \mathbb{N}$,
    \begin{equation}
      \hyperlabel{sub:sum-geometric-series-eq1}
      \sum_{i=0}^n a_i = \frac{a_0(1 - r^{n+1})}{1 - r}.
    \end{equation}

  \code{Common/Real/Sequence/Geometric}
    {Real.Geometric.sum\_recursive\_closed}

  \begin{proof}

    Let $(a_i)_{i \geq 0}$ be a geometric sequence with common ratio $r \neq 1$.
    By definition, for all $k \in \mathbb{N}$,
      \begin{equation}
        \hyperlabel{sub:sum-geometric-series-eq2}
        a_k = a_0r^k.
      \end{equation}
    Define predicate $P(n)$ as "identity \eqref{sub:sum-geometric-series-eq1}
      holds for value $n$."
    We use induction to prove $P(n)$ holds for all $n \geq 0$.

    \paragraph{Base Case}%

      Let $k = 0$.
      Then $$\sum_{i=0}^k a_i = a_0 = \frac{a_0(1 - r)}{1 - r} =
        \frac{a_0(1 - r^{k+1})}{1 - r}$$
      Therefore $P(0)$ holds.

    \paragraph{Induction Step}%

      Assume induction hypothesis $P(k)$ holds for some $k \geq 0$.
      Then
        \begin{align*}
          \sum_{i=0}^{k+1} a_i
            & = \sum_{i=0}^k a_i + a_{k+1} \\
            & = \frac{a_0(1 - r^{k+1})}{1 - r} + a_{k + 1}
              & \text{induction hypothesis} \\
            & = \frac{a_0(1 - r^{k+1})}{1 - r} + a_0r^{k + 1}
              & \eqref{sub:sum-geometric-series-eq2} \\
            & = \frac{a_0(1 - r^{k+1}) + a_0r^{k+1}(1 - r)}{1 - r} \\
            & = \frac{a_0(1 - r^{k+1} + r^{k+1}(1 - r))}{1 - r} \\
            & = \frac{a_0(1 - r^{k+1} + r^{k+1} - r^{k+2})}{1 - r} \\
            & = \frac{a_0(1 - r^{k+2})}{1 - r} \\
            & = \frac{a_0(1 - r^{(k + 1) + 1})}{1 - r}.
        \end{align*}
      Thus $P(k)$ implies $P(k + 1)$ holds true.

    \paragraph{Conclusion}%

      By mathematical induction, it follows for all $n \geq 0$, $P(n)$ is true.

  \end{proof}

\end{document}