Reorganize RDF/XML/Ontology notes.
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@ -692,7 +692,7 @@
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"_journal/2024-07/2024-07-12.md": "8073584fae2fe7bffcd4b69a7cd29058",
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"hashing/static.md": "3ec6eaee73fb9b599700f5a56b300b83",
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"hashing/addressing.md": "3c8151d2c98d1163641fd16efe1c2b64",
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"ontology/index.md": "7e28be73b551865a71c171327702cbd8",
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"ontology/index.md": "0994403dcd84415f1459752129b55f65",
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"ontology/permissivism.md": "07ef1e14269646957cfb9cb0a833968d",
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"ontology/properties.md": "52b2a8d1f0ac90aa771f7f154e1094a4",
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"_journal/2024-07-14.md": "9a74d2dd0f44db58e14f57c8908c3342",
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@ -746,7 +746,7 @@
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"ontology/rdf/index.md": "328f7b84d4893c45eef4f0d6e921ba69",
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"ontology/philosophy/permissivism.md": "07ef1e14269646957cfb9cb0a833968d",
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"ontology/philosophy/nominalism.md": "46245c644238157e15c7cb6def27d90a",
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"ontology/philosophy/index.md": "d132b8f4a69bdb664c822366fb27fa64",
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"ontology/philosophy/index.md": "4528422f2675bf6c4c8981f31e4e9583",
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"ontology/philosophy/dialetheism.md": "56dd05b38519f90c5cab93637978b3b3",
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"_journal/2024-07-29.md": "a480e577b06a94755b6ebf4ac9ee5732",
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"_journal/2024-07/2024-07-28.md": "b077c0bef8739930bc777d6fab485acd",
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@ -791,7 +791,7 @@
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"_journal/2024-08/2024-08-16.md": "da1127a1985074a3930b4c3512344025",
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"set/order.md": "0bfff1dbd51bc49a9c1df5766ff01044",
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"_journal/2024-08-18.md": "6f8aec69e00401b611db2a377a3aace5",
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"ontology/philosophy/properties.md": "41b32249d3e4c23d73ddb3a417d65a4c",
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"ontology/philosophy/properties.md": "52b2a8d1f0ac90aa771f7f154e1094a4",
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"_journal/2024-08-19.md": "94836e52ec04a72d3e1dbf3854208f65",
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"_journal/2024-08/2024-08-18.md": "6f8aec69e00401b611db2a377a3aace5",
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"_journal/2024-08/2024-08-17.md": "b06a551560c377f61a1b39286cd43cee",
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@ -966,7 +966,7 @@
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"_journal/2024-11/2024-11-21.md": "951b6034d60a40dbd8201c50abf0dbb9",
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"_journal/2024-11/2024-11-20.md": "951b6034d60a40dbd8201c50abf0dbb9",
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"_journal/2024-11/2024-11-19.md": "d879f57154cb27cb168eb1f1f430e312",
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"set/cardinality.md": "b396048272652dcf49c875e723377ff4",
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"set/cardinality.md": "29566dcf1454b9eed649b7d8c4d2335b",
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"geometry/area.md": "7f947bb5ac782495a1fb4a63bb2463e7",
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"_journal/2024-11-23.md": "911f82ab8aede5ecdb96493aef64b0b9",
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"_journal/2024-11/2024-11-22.md": "51117030e2364dbce3a8d507dead86ae",
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@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@
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"_journal/2024-12/2024-12-11.md": "e7393c01b44c5b804f86f45b8b899b59",
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"encoding/uri.md": "394abe477b882e1414dd2fb151fea823",
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"encoding/xml.md": "01a66b1a102cccc682f8f1cab0f50bc6",
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"encoding/rdf.md": "f5c2c0156046a9474bae3577e739c5ce",
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"encoding/rdf.md": "87a47be25bc5754a11166a4b7663cada",
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"_journal/2024-12-15.md": "be66c8808d8bb66d4e7b91db7c93c94a",
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"_journal/2024-12/2024-12-14.md": "d2223f90fd1ce3d82a4fbb6828a1ec56",
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"_journal/2024-12/2024-12-13.md": "d2223f90fd1ce3d82a4fbb6828a1ec56",
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@ -1037,8 +1037,12 @@
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"threads/index.md": "28783464146ed09603b477bad4b761bc",
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"_journal/2024-12-20.md": "2e6b1826035eaa60aeb328f61d9bc976",
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"_journal/2024-12/2024-12-19.md": "cd09c9e522a3b206b8a3524d615fadd5",
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"_journal/2024-12-21.md": "51bc26a6ec147bd57e0efffd75c266c6",
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"_journal/2024-12/2024-12-20.md": "3c896dac68ce1bfb1f28cb7da4325c6c"
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"_journal/2024-12-21.md": "b98f043f0f36684eb01e7b7588e30baf",
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"_journal/2024-12/2024-12-20.md": "3c896dac68ce1bfb1f28cb7da4325c6c",
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"encoding/xml/rdf.md": "f4491dd28b937da3182d701a863e40fe",
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"encoding/xml/index.md": "01a66b1a102cccc682f8f1cab0f50bc6",
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"ontology/reification.md": "ef8275957dcc1a7e5501722d4652e41c",
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"ontology/rdf.md": "fd273c30bec6f46b68547f0d392620b1"
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},
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"fields_dict": {
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"Basic": [
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@ -1,124 +1,3 @@
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---
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title: Ontology
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TARGET DECK: Obsidian::H&SS
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FILE TAGS: ontology
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tags:
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- ontology
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---
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## Overview
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Ontology is the philosophical study of being. Generally *things* are split into two broad categories: **abstract** and **concrete** things. These words are "terms of art" and their definition is not standardized in any way.
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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What did Quine declare as *the* ontological question?
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Back: "What is there?"
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Reference: Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).
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<!--ID: 1720912238054-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Who is attributed *the* ontological question?
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Back: Willard Van Orman Quine.
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Reference: Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).
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<!--ID: 1720912259767-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Cloze
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{Ontology} is the {philosophical study of being}.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720912238058-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Cloze
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{Epistemology} is the {philosophical study of knowledge}.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720912238062-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Cloze
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{Taxonomy} is the {branch of science concerned with categorization}.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720912238066-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Cloze
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{Mereology} is the {philosophical study of part-whole relationships}.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720998380912-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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What does Effingham mean when saying "concreta" and "abstracta" are terms of art?
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Back: They are terms defined freely by a person to mean whatever one wants.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782942-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Cloze
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In general, ontologists often categorize things as either {concreta} or {abstracta}.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782951-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Generally speaking, what does someone *probably* mean by "concrete" things?
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Back: Things that exists in space and/or time.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782957-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Generally speaking, what does someone *probably* mean by "abstract" things?
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Back: Things that exist in neither space nor time.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782965-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Is a material object considered concreta?
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Back: Usually.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782971-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Is an immaterial object considered concreta?
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Back: Possibly.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782978-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Is a material object considered abstracta?
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Back: Not usually.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782984-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Is an immaterial object considered abstracta?
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Back: Possibly.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782989-->
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END%%
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## Bibliography
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* Francesco Orilia and Michele Paolini Paoletti, “Properties,” in _The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy_, ed. Edward N. Zalta, Spring 2022 (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2022), [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/properties/](https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/properties/).
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* Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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* Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).
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@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
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---
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title: Ontology (Philosophy)
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TARGET DECK: Obsidian::H&SS
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FILE TAGS: ontology
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tags:
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- ontology
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---
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## Overview
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Ontology is the philosophical study of being. Generally *things* are split into two broad categories: **abstract** and **concrete** things. These words are "terms of art" and their definition is not standardized in any way.
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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What did Quine declare as *the* ontological question?
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Back: "What is there?"
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Reference: Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).
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<!--ID: 1720912238054-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Who is attributed *the* ontological question?
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Back: Willard Van Orman Quine.
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Reference: Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).
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<!--ID: 1720912259767-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Cloze
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{Ontology} is the {philosophical study of being}.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720912238058-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Cloze
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{Epistemology} is the {philosophical study of knowledge}.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720912238062-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Cloze
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{Taxonomy} is the {branch of science concerned with categorization}.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720912238066-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Cloze
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{Mereology} is the {philosophical study of part-whole relationships}.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720998380912-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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What does Effingham mean when saying "concreta" and "abstracta" are terms of art?
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Back: They are terms defined freely by a person to mean whatever one wants.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782942-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Cloze
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In general, ontologists often categorize things as either {concreta} or {abstracta}.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782951-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Generally speaking, what does someone *probably* mean by "concrete" things?
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Back: Things that exists in space and/or time.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782957-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Generally speaking, what does someone *probably* mean by "abstract" things?
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Back: Things that exist in neither space nor time.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782965-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Is a material object considered concreta?
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Back: Usually.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782971-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Is an immaterial object considered concreta?
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Back: Possibly.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782978-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Is a material object considered abstracta?
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Back: Not usually.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782984-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Is an immaterial object considered abstracta?
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Back: Possibly.
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Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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<!--ID: 1720894782989-->
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END%%
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## Bibliography
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* Francesco Orilia and Michele Paolini Paoletti, “Properties,” in _The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy_, ed. Edward N. Zalta, Spring 2022 (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2022), [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/properties/](https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/properties/).
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* Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
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* Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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---
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title: RDF
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TARGET DECK: Obsidian::STEM
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FILE TAGS: rdf
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FILE TAGS: ontology::rdf
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tags:
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- rdf
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---
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@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ tags:
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The **Resource Description Framework** (RDF) is the foundational representation language of the Semantic Web. The basic building block of RDF is the **triple** containing a **subject**, **predicate**, and **object**. Global identifiers of resources are represented as [[uri|URIs]] (or, more generally, IRIs). These URIs can be expressed more compactly as [[uri#CURIEs|CURIEs]].
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A **graph** is a set of triples. A **named graph** is a particular set of triples with an associated name. When using named graphs, the term **quads** is often used in favor of triples. This refers to the original triple along with the name of the graph the triple is associated with.
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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Which organization standardized RDF?
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@ -128,114 +130,62 @@ Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web
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<!--ID: 1722191359882-->
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END%%
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## Reification
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**Reification** refers to the process by which an abstract idea is made concrete. In the context of RDF, it refers to writing RDF statements about RDF statements.
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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What is reification?
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Back: The process by which an abstract idea is made concrete.
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Reference: “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).
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<!--ID: 1734385502410-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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In the context of RDF, what does reification typically refer to?
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Back: Creating RDF statements about RDF statements.
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Reference: “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).
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<!--ID: 1734385502419-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
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Basic
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In the context of RDF, what abstract notion is typically reified?
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Back: RDF statements.
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How does RDF define a graph?
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Back: As a set of triples.
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Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
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<!--ID: 1734385502422-->
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<!--ID: 1734804443458-->
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END%%
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%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What term describes making an abstract concept concrete?
|
||||
Back: Reification.
|
||||
How does RDF define a named graph?
|
||||
Back: A graph with a name.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502427-->
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734804443462-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
This kind of metadata about statements often take the forms of:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Provenance**. Information about the source of a statement.
|
||||
* **Likelihood**. Information quantifying some probability regarding the statement.
|
||||
* **Context**. Information about a setting in which a statement holds.
|
||||
* **Time frame**. Information that holds within a particular period of time.
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What might reifying a statement with respect to its provenance refer to?
|
||||
Back: Information about the source of the statement.
|
||||
Cloze
|
||||
{1:Triples} are to {2:graphs} whereas {2:quads} are to {1:named graphs}.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502431-->
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734804443465-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Wikipedia says Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.}$$
|
||||
Back: Provenance.
|
||||
What name is given to the members of a triple?
|
||||
Back: "Subject", "predicate", and "object".
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502435-->
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734804443466-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What might reifying a statement with respect to its likelihood refer to?
|
||||
Back: Information quantifying some probability of the statement holding.
|
||||
What name is given to the members of a quad?
|
||||
Back: "Subject", "predicate", "object", and "graph".
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502439-->
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734804443468-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Cloze
|
||||
RDF is a {data model} whereas XML is a {serialization}.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
Tags: xml
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734805690321-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{It is 90\% probable that Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.}$$
|
||||
Back: Likelihood.
|
||||
How might RDF and XML relate to one another?
|
||||
Back: XML can be used to serialize RDF.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502443-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What might reifying a statement with respect to its context refer to?
|
||||
Back: Information about a setting in which the statement holds.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502448-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Kenneth Branagh played Hamlet in the movie.}$$
|
||||
Back: Context.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502453-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What might reifying a statement with respect to its time frame refer to?
|
||||
Back: Information about a period of time in which the statement holds.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502458-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Hamlet plays on Broadway Jan. 11th through Mar. 12th.}$$
|
||||
Back: Time frame.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502463-->
|
||||
Tags: xml
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734805690328-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
## Bibliography
|
||||
|
||||
* Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
* “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Reification
|
||||
TARGET DECK: Obsidian::H&SS
|
||||
FILE TAGS: ontology
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- ontology
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
|
||||
**Reification** refers to the process by which an abstract idea is made concrete. For example, in the context of [[rdf|RDF]], it refers to writing RDF statements about RDF statements.
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What is reification?
|
||||
Back: The process by which an abstract idea is made concrete.
|
||||
Reference: “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502410-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
In the context of RDF, what does reification typically refer to?
|
||||
Back: Creating RDF statements about RDF statements.
|
||||
Reference: “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502419-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
In the context of RDF, what abstract notion is typically reified?
|
||||
Back: RDF statements.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502422-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What term describes making an abstract concept concrete?
|
||||
Back: Reification.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502427-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
This kind of metadata about statements often take the forms of:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Provenance**. Information about the source of a statement.
|
||||
* **Likelihood**. Information quantifying some probability regarding the statement.
|
||||
* **Context**. Information about a setting in which a statement holds.
|
||||
* **Time frame**. Information that holds within a particular period of time.
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What might reifying a statement with respect to its provenance refer to?
|
||||
Back: Information about the source of the statement.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502431-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Wikipedia says Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.}$$
|
||||
Back: Provenance.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502435-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What might reifying a statement with respect to its likelihood refer to?
|
||||
Back: Information quantifying some probability of the statement holding.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502439-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{It is 90\% probable that Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.}$$
|
||||
Back: Likelihood.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502443-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What might reifying a statement with respect to its context refer to?
|
||||
Back: Information about a setting in which the statement holds.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502448-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Kenneth Branagh played Hamlet in the movie.}$$
|
||||
Back: Context.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502453-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What might reifying a statement with respect to its time frame refer to?
|
||||
Back: Information about a period of time in which the statement holds.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502458-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Hamlet plays on Broadway Jan. 11th through Mar. 12th.}$$
|
||||
Back: Time frame.
|
||||
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734385502463-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
## Bibliography
|
||||
|
||||
* Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
|
||||
* “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).
|
||||
|
|
@ -62,17 +62,11 @@ END%%
|
|||
|
||||
No set is equinumerous to its [[set/index#Power Set Axiom|power set]]. This is typically shown using a diagonalization argument.
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What basic set operation produces a new set the original isn't equinumerous to?
|
||||
Back: The power set operation.
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1732541309202-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
For any set $A$, $^A2 \approx \mathscr{P}(A)$.
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What kind of argument is typically made to prove no set is equinumerous to its power set?
|
||||
What kind of argument is typically used to show $A \not\approx {\mathscr{P}(A)}$?
|
||||
Back: A diagonalization argument.
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1732541309208-->
|
||||
|
|
@ -102,6 +96,94 @@ Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Pre
|
|||
<!--ID: 1732541309221-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
For any set $A$, $\mathscr{P}(A)$ is equinumerous to what set of functions?
|
||||
Back: $^A2$
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734802664285-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
Let $A$ be any set. How is bijection $H \colon \,^A2 \rightarrow \mathscr{P}(A)$ typically defined?
|
||||
Back: $H(f) = \{a \in A \mid f(a) = 1\}$
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734802664293-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
For any set $A$, $^A2$ is equinumerous to what of $A$?
|
||||
Back: Its powerset.
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734802664297-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What kind of argument is typically used to show $A \not\approx {^A2}$?
|
||||
Back: A diagonalization argument.
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734802664301-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
For any set $A$, what is the cardinality of its powerset?
|
||||
Back: $2^{\mathop{\text{card}}A}$
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734803273736-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What does $\mathop{\text{card}} \mathscr{P}(A)$ evaluate to?
|
||||
Back: $2^{\mathop{\text{card}}A}$
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734803273739-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
The cardinality of what set equals $2^{\mathop{\text{card}}A}$?
|
||||
Back: $\mathscr{P}(A)$
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734803273741-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
What does $\mathop{\text{card}} \mathscr{P}(\omega)$ evaluate to?
|
||||
Back: $2^{\aleph_0}$
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734803273742-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
Why is the "power set" named the way it is?
|
||||
Back: Because $\mathop{\text{card}} \mathscr{P}(A)$ equals $2$ to the power of $\mathop{\text{card}} A$.
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734803273743-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
*How* do we know $\aleph_0 \not\approx 2^{\aleph_0}$ holds?
|
||||
Back: No set is equinumerous to its power set.
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734803273744-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Basic
|
||||
For any cardinal number $\kappa$, *how* do we know $\kappa \not\approx 2^\kappa$?
|
||||
Back: No set is equinumerous to its power set.
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734803273745-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
### Equivalence Concept
|
||||
|
||||
For any sets $A$, $B$, and $C$:
|
||||
|
|
@ -867,6 +949,13 @@ Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Pre
|
|||
<!--ID: 1734520487359-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
%%ANKI
|
||||
Cloze
|
||||
For any cardinal number $\kappa$, addition's {$\kappa + \kappa$} equals multiplication's {$2 \cdot \kappa$}.
|
||||
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
|
||||
<!--ID: 1734803273746-->
|
||||
END%%
|
||||
|
||||
### Exponentiation
|
||||
|
||||
Let $\kappa$ and $\lambda$ be any cardinal numbers. Then $\kappa^\lambda = \mathop{\text{card}}(^LK)$, where $K$ and $L$ are any sets of cardinality $\kappa$ and $\lambda$, respectively.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue