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Reorganize RDF/XML/Ontology notes.

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Joshua Potter 2024-12-21 11:31:21 -07:00
parent b314d47f3c
commit e82c40f662
10 changed files with 382 additions and 217 deletions
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notes/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-to-anki-plugin/data.json
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@ -692,7 +692,7 @@
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"ontology/permissivism.md": "07ef1e14269646957cfb9cb0a833968d", "ontology/permissivism.md": "07ef1e14269646957cfb9cb0a833968d",
"ontology/properties.md": "52b2a8d1f0ac90aa771f7f154e1094a4", "ontology/properties.md": "52b2a8d1f0ac90aa771f7f154e1094a4",
"_journal/2024-07-14.md": "9a74d2dd0f44db58e14f57c8908c3342", "_journal/2024-07-14.md": "9a74d2dd0f44db58e14f57c8908c3342",
@ -746,7 +746,7 @@
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"ontology/philosophy/permissivism.md": "07ef1e14269646957cfb9cb0a833968d", "ontology/philosophy/permissivism.md": "07ef1e14269646957cfb9cb0a833968d",
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"ontology/philosophy/dialetheism.md": "56dd05b38519f90c5cab93637978b3b3", "ontology/philosophy/dialetheism.md": "56dd05b38519f90c5cab93637978b3b3",
"_journal/2024-07-29.md": "a480e577b06a94755b6ebf4ac9ee5732", "_journal/2024-07-29.md": "a480e577b06a94755b6ebf4ac9ee5732",
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@ -791,7 +791,7 @@
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"set/order.md": "0bfff1dbd51bc49a9c1df5766ff01044", "set/order.md": "0bfff1dbd51bc49a9c1df5766ff01044",
"_journal/2024-08-18.md": "6f8aec69e00401b611db2a377a3aace5", "_journal/2024-08-18.md": "6f8aec69e00401b611db2a377a3aace5",
"ontology/philosophy/properties.md": "41b32249d3e4c23d73ddb3a417d65a4c", "ontology/philosophy/properties.md": "52b2a8d1f0ac90aa771f7f154e1094a4",
"_journal/2024-08-19.md": "94836e52ec04a72d3e1dbf3854208f65", "_journal/2024-08-19.md": "94836e52ec04a72d3e1dbf3854208f65",
"_journal/2024-08/2024-08-18.md": "6f8aec69e00401b611db2a377a3aace5", "_journal/2024-08/2024-08-18.md": "6f8aec69e00401b611db2a377a3aace5",
"_journal/2024-08/2024-08-17.md": "b06a551560c377f61a1b39286cd43cee", "_journal/2024-08/2024-08-17.md": "b06a551560c377f61a1b39286cd43cee",
@ -966,7 +966,7 @@
"_journal/2024-11/2024-11-21.md": "951b6034d60a40dbd8201c50abf0dbb9", "_journal/2024-11/2024-11-21.md": "951b6034d60a40dbd8201c50abf0dbb9",
"_journal/2024-11/2024-11-20.md": "951b6034d60a40dbd8201c50abf0dbb9", "_journal/2024-11/2024-11-20.md": "951b6034d60a40dbd8201c50abf0dbb9",
"_journal/2024-11/2024-11-19.md": "d879f57154cb27cb168eb1f1f430e312", "_journal/2024-11/2024-11-19.md": "d879f57154cb27cb168eb1f1f430e312",
"set/cardinality.md": "b396048272652dcf49c875e723377ff4", "set/cardinality.md": "29566dcf1454b9eed649b7d8c4d2335b",
"geometry/area.md": "7f947bb5ac782495a1fb4a63bb2463e7", "geometry/area.md": "7f947bb5ac782495a1fb4a63bb2463e7",
"_journal/2024-11-23.md": "911f82ab8aede5ecdb96493aef64b0b9", "_journal/2024-11-23.md": "911f82ab8aede5ecdb96493aef64b0b9",
"_journal/2024-11/2024-11-22.md": "51117030e2364dbce3a8d507dead86ae", "_journal/2024-11/2024-11-22.md": "51117030e2364dbce3a8d507dead86ae",
@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@
"_journal/2024-12/2024-12-11.md": "e7393c01b44c5b804f86f45b8b899b59", "_journal/2024-12/2024-12-11.md": "e7393c01b44c5b804f86f45b8b899b59",
"encoding/uri.md": "394abe477b882e1414dd2fb151fea823", "encoding/uri.md": "394abe477b882e1414dd2fb151fea823",
"encoding/xml.md": "01a66b1a102cccc682f8f1cab0f50bc6", "encoding/xml.md": "01a66b1a102cccc682f8f1cab0f50bc6",
"encoding/rdf.md": "f5c2c0156046a9474bae3577e739c5ce", "encoding/rdf.md": "87a47be25bc5754a11166a4b7663cada",
"_journal/2024-12-15.md": "be66c8808d8bb66d4e7b91db7c93c94a", "_journal/2024-12-15.md": "be66c8808d8bb66d4e7b91db7c93c94a",
"_journal/2024-12/2024-12-14.md": "d2223f90fd1ce3d82a4fbb6828a1ec56", "_journal/2024-12/2024-12-14.md": "d2223f90fd1ce3d82a4fbb6828a1ec56",
"_journal/2024-12/2024-12-13.md": "d2223f90fd1ce3d82a4fbb6828a1ec56", "_journal/2024-12/2024-12-13.md": "d2223f90fd1ce3d82a4fbb6828a1ec56",
@ -1037,8 +1037,12 @@
"threads/index.md": "28783464146ed09603b477bad4b761bc", "threads/index.md": "28783464146ed09603b477bad4b761bc",
"_journal/2024-12-20.md": "2e6b1826035eaa60aeb328f61d9bc976", "_journal/2024-12-20.md": "2e6b1826035eaa60aeb328f61d9bc976",
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"encoding/xml/index.md": "01a66b1a102cccc682f8f1cab0f50bc6",
"ontology/reification.md": "ef8275957dcc1a7e5501722d4652e41c",
"ontology/rdf.md": "fd273c30bec6f46b68547f0d392620b1"
}, },
"fields_dict": { "fields_dict": {
"Basic": [ "Basic": [

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--- ---
title: Ontology title: Ontology
TARGET DECK: Obsidian::H&SS
FILE TAGS: ontology
tags:
- ontology
--- ---
## Overview
Ontology is the philosophical study of being. Generally *things* are split into two broad categories: **abstract** and **concrete** things. These words are "terms of art" and their definition is not standardized in any way.
%%ANKI
Basic
What did Quine declare as *the* ontological question?
Back: "What is there?"
Reference: Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).
<!--ID: 1720912238054-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Who is attributed *the* ontological question?
Back: Willard Van Orman Quine.
Reference: Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).
<!--ID: 1720912259767-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{Ontology} is the {philosophical study of being}.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720912238058-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{Epistemology} is the {philosophical study of knowledge}.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720912238062-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{Taxonomy} is the {branch of science concerned with categorization}.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720912238066-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{Mereology} is the {philosophical study of part-whole relationships}.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720998380912-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does Effingham mean when saying "concreta" and "abstracta" are terms of art?
Back: They are terms defined freely by a person to mean whatever one wants.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782942-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
In general, ontologists often categorize things as either {concreta} or {abstracta}.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782951-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Generally speaking, what does someone *probably* mean by "concrete" things?
Back: Things that exists in space and/or time.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782957-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Generally speaking, what does someone *probably* mean by "abstract" things?
Back: Things that exist in neither space nor time.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782965-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is a material object considered concreta?
Back: Usually.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782971-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is an immaterial object considered concreta?
Back: Possibly.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782978-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is a material object considered abstracta?
Back: Not usually.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782984-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is an immaterial object considered abstracta?
Back: Possibly.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782989-->
END%%
## Bibliography
* Francesco Orilia and Michele Paolini Paoletti, “Properties,” in _The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy_, ed. Edward N. Zalta, Spring 2022 (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2022), [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/properties/](https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/properties/).
* Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
* Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).

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---
title: Ontology (Philosophy)
TARGET DECK: Obsidian::H&SS
FILE TAGS: ontology
tags:
- ontology
---
## Overview
Ontology is the philosophical study of being. Generally *things* are split into two broad categories: **abstract** and **concrete** things. These words are "terms of art" and their definition is not standardized in any way.
%%ANKI
Basic
What did Quine declare as *the* ontological question?
Back: "What is there?"
Reference: Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).
<!--ID: 1720912238054-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Who is attributed *the* ontological question?
Back: Willard Van Orman Quine.
Reference: Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).
<!--ID: 1720912259767-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{Ontology} is the {philosophical study of being}.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720912238058-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{Epistemology} is the {philosophical study of knowledge}.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720912238062-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{Taxonomy} is the {branch of science concerned with categorization}.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720912238066-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
{Mereology} is the {philosophical study of part-whole relationships}.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720998380912-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does Effingham mean when saying "concreta" and "abstracta" are terms of art?
Back: They are terms defined freely by a person to mean whatever one wants.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782942-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
In general, ontologists often categorize things as either {concreta} or {abstracta}.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782951-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Generally speaking, what does someone *probably* mean by "concrete" things?
Back: Things that exists in space and/or time.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782957-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Generally speaking, what does someone *probably* mean by "abstract" things?
Back: Things that exist in neither space nor time.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782965-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is a material object considered concreta?
Back: Usually.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782971-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is an immaterial object considered concreta?
Back: Possibly.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782978-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is a material object considered abstracta?
Back: Not usually.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782984-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Is an immaterial object considered abstracta?
Back: Possibly.
Reference: Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
<!--ID: 1720894782989-->
END%%
## Bibliography
* Francesco Orilia and Michele Paolini Paoletti, “Properties,” in _The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy_, ed. Edward N. Zalta, Spring 2022 (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2022), [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/properties/](https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/properties/).
* Nikk Effingham, _An Introduction to Ontology_ (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013).
* Simon Hewitt, “A Cardinal Worry for Permissive Metaontology,” _Metaphysica_ 16, no. 2 (September 18, 2015): 159–65, [https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009](https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2015-0009).

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
--- ---
title: RDF title: RDF
TARGET DECK: Obsidian::STEM TARGET DECK: Obsidian::STEM
FILE TAGS: rdf FILE TAGS: ontology::rdf
tags: tags:
- rdf - rdf
--- ---
@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ tags:
The **Resource Description Framework** (RDF) is the foundational representation language of the Semantic Web. The basic building block of RDF is the **triple** containing a **subject**, **predicate**, and **object**. Global identifiers of resources are represented as [[uri|URIs]] (or, more generally, IRIs). These URIs can be expressed more compactly as [[uri#CURIEs|CURIEs]]. The **Resource Description Framework** (RDF) is the foundational representation language of the Semantic Web. The basic building block of RDF is the **triple** containing a **subject**, **predicate**, and **object**. Global identifiers of resources are represented as [[uri|URIs]] (or, more generally, IRIs). These URIs can be expressed more compactly as [[uri#CURIEs|CURIEs]].
A **graph** is a set of triples. A **named graph** is a particular set of triples with an associated name. When using named graphs, the term **quads** is often used in favor of triples. This refers to the original triple along with the name of the graph the triple is associated with.
%%ANKI %%ANKI
Basic Basic
Which organization standardized RDF? Which organization standardized RDF?
@ -128,114 +130,62 @@ Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web
<!--ID: 1722191359882--> <!--ID: 1722191359882-->
END%% END%%
## Reification
**Reification** refers to the process by which an abstract idea is made concrete. In the context of RDF, it refers to writing RDF statements about RDF statements.
%%ANKI %%ANKI
Basic Basic
What is reification? How does RDF define a graph?
Back: The process by which an abstract idea is made concrete. Back: As a set of triples.
Reference: “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).
<!--ID: 1734385502410-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
In the context of RDF, what does reification typically refer to?
Back: Creating RDF statements about RDF statements.
Reference: “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).
<!--ID: 1734385502419-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
In the context of RDF, what abstract notion is typically reified?
Back: RDF statements.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020. Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502422--> <!--ID: 1734804443458-->
END%% END%%
%%ANKI %%ANKI
Basic Basic
What term describes making an abstract concept concrete? How does RDF define a named graph?
Back: Reification. Back: A graph with a name.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020. Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502427--> <!--ID: 1734804443462-->
END%% END%%
This kind of metadata about statements often take the forms of:
* **Provenance**. Information about the source of a statement.
* **Likelihood**. Information quantifying some probability regarding the statement.
* **Context**. Information about a setting in which a statement holds.
* **Time frame**. Information that holds within a particular period of time.
%%ANKI %%ANKI
Basic Cloze
What might reifying a statement with respect to its provenance refer to? {1:Triples} are to {2:graphs} whereas {2:quads} are to {1:named graphs}.
Back: Information about the source of the statement.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020. Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502431--> <!--ID: 1734804443465-->
END%% END%%
%%ANKI %%ANKI
Basic Basic
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Wikipedia says Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.}$$ What name is given to the members of a triple?
Back: Provenance. Back: "Subject", "predicate", and "object".
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020. Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502435--> <!--ID: 1734804443466-->
END%% END%%
%%ANKI %%ANKI
Basic Basic
What might reifying a statement with respect to its likelihood refer to? What name is given to the members of a quad?
Back: Information quantifying some probability of the statement holding. Back: "Subject", "predicate", "object", and "graph".
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020. Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502439--> <!--ID: 1734804443468-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
RDF is a {data model} whereas XML is a {serialization}.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
Tags: xml
<!--ID: 1734805690321-->
END%% END%%
%%ANKI %%ANKI
Basic Basic
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{It is 90\% probable that Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.}$$ How might RDF and XML relate to one another?
Back: Likelihood. Back: XML can be used to serialize RDF.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020. Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502443--> Tags: xml
END%% <!--ID: 1734805690328-->
%%ANKI
Basic
What might reifying a statement with respect to its context refer to?
Back: Information about a setting in which the statement holds.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502448-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Kenneth Branagh played Hamlet in the movie.}$$
Back: Context.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502453-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What might reifying a statement with respect to its time frame refer to?
Back: Information about a period of time in which the statement holds.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502458-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Hamlet plays on Broadway Jan. 11th through Mar. 12th.}$$
Back: Time frame.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502463-->
END%% END%%
## Bibliography ## Bibliography
* Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020. * Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
* “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).

119
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@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
---
title: Reification
TARGET DECK: Obsidian::H&SS
FILE TAGS: ontology
tags:
- ontology
---
## Overview
**Reification** refers to the process by which an abstract idea is made concrete. For example, in the context of [[rdf|RDF]], it refers to writing RDF statements about RDF statements.
%%ANKI
Basic
What is reification?
Back: The process by which an abstract idea is made concrete.
Reference: “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).
<!--ID: 1734385502410-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
In the context of RDF, what does reification typically refer to?
Back: Creating RDF statements about RDF statements.
Reference: “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).
<!--ID: 1734385502419-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
In the context of RDF, what abstract notion is typically reified?
Back: RDF statements.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502422-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What term describes making an abstract concept concrete?
Back: Reification.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502427-->
END%%
This kind of metadata about statements often take the forms of:
* **Provenance**. Information about the source of a statement.
* **Likelihood**. Information quantifying some probability regarding the statement.
* **Context**. Information about a setting in which a statement holds.
* **Time frame**. Information that holds within a particular period of time.
%%ANKI
Basic
What might reifying a statement with respect to its provenance refer to?
Back: Information about the source of the statement.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502431-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Wikipedia says Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.}$$
Back: Provenance.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502435-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What might reifying a statement with respect to its likelihood refer to?
Back: Information quantifying some probability of the statement holding.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502439-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{It is 90\% probable that Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.}$$
Back: Likelihood.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502443-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What might reifying a statement with respect to its context refer to?
Back: Information about a setting in which the statement holds.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502448-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Kenneth Branagh played Hamlet in the movie.}$$
Back: Context.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502453-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What might reifying a statement with respect to its time frame refer to?
Back: Information about a period of time in which the statement holds.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502458-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What "form" of reification does the following sentence take on? $$\text{Hamlet plays on Broadway Jan. 11th through Mar. 12th.}$$
Back: Time frame.
Reference: Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
<!--ID: 1734385502463-->
END%%
## Bibliography
* Allemang, Dean, James A. Hendler, and Fabien L. Gandon. _Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist_. 3e ed. ACM Books 33. New York: Association for computing machinery, 2020.
* “Reification (Knowledge Representation),” in _Wikipedia_, October 3, 2023, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reification_(knowledge_representation)&oldid=1178437461).

105
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@ -62,17 +62,11 @@ END%%
No set is equinumerous to its [[set/index#Power Set Axiom|power set]]. This is typically shown using a diagonalization argument. No set is equinumerous to its [[set/index#Power Set Axiom|power set]]. This is typically shown using a diagonalization argument.
%%ANKI For any set $A$, $^A2 \approx \mathscr{P}(A)$.
Basic
What basic set operation produces a new set the original isn't equinumerous to?
Back: The power set operation.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1732541309202-->
END%%
%%ANKI %%ANKI
Basic Basic
What kind of argument is typically made to prove no set is equinumerous to its power set? What kind of argument is typically used to show $A \not\approx {\mathscr{P}(A)}$?
Back: A diagonalization argument. Back: A diagonalization argument.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977). Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1732541309208--> <!--ID: 1732541309208-->
@ -102,6 +96,94 @@ Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Pre
<!--ID: 1732541309221--> <!--ID: 1732541309221-->
END%% END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
For any set $A$, $\mathscr{P}(A)$ is equinumerous to what set of functions?
Back: $^A2$
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734802664285-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Let $A$ be any set. How is bijection $H \colon \,^A2 \rightarrow \mathscr{P}(A)$ typically defined?
Back: $H(f) = \{a \in A \mid f(a) = 1\}$
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734802664293-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
For any set $A$, $^A2$ is equinumerous to what of $A$?
Back: Its powerset.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734802664297-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What kind of argument is typically used to show $A \not\approx {^A2}$?
Back: A diagonalization argument.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734802664301-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
For any set $A$, what is the cardinality of its powerset?
Back: $2^{\mathop{\text{card}}A}$
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734803273736-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does $\mathop{\text{card}} \mathscr{P}(A)$ evaluate to?
Back: $2^{\mathop{\text{card}}A}$
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734803273739-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
The cardinality of what set equals $2^{\mathop{\text{card}}A}$?
Back: $\mathscr{P}(A)$
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734803273741-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does $\mathop{\text{card}} \mathscr{P}(\omega)$ evaluate to?
Back: $2^{\aleph_0}$
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734803273742-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Why is the "power set" named the way it is?
Back: Because $\mathop{\text{card}} \mathscr{P}(A)$ equals $2$ to the power of $\mathop{\text{card}} A$.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734803273743-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
*How* do we know $\aleph_0 \not\approx 2^{\aleph_0}$ holds?
Back: No set is equinumerous to its power set.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734803273744-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
For any cardinal number $\kappa$, *how* do we know $\kappa \not\approx 2^\kappa$?
Back: No set is equinumerous to its power set.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734803273745-->
END%%
### Equivalence Concept ### Equivalence Concept
For any sets $A$, $B$, and $C$: For any sets $A$, $B$, and $C$:
@ -867,6 +949,13 @@ Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Pre
<!--ID: 1734520487359--> <!--ID: 1734520487359-->
END%% END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
For any cardinal number $\kappa$, addition's {$\kappa + \kappa$} equals multiplication's {$2 \cdot \kappa$}.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1734803273746-->
END%%
### Exponentiation ### Exponentiation
Let $\kappa$ and $\lambda$ be any cardinal numbers. Then $\kappa^\lambda = \mathop{\text{card}}(^LK)$, where $K$ and $L$ are any sets of cardinality $\kappa$ and $\lambda$, respectively. Let $\kappa$ and $\lambda$ be any cardinal numbers. Then $\kappa^\lambda = \mathop{\text{card}}(^LK)$, where $K$ and $L$ are any sets of cardinality $\kappa$ and $\lambda$, respectively.