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C literals.

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Joshua Potter 2024-08-17 18:05:16 -06:00
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notes/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-to-anki-plugin/data.json
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@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ END%%
### Literals
Negative integer literals are typed in a counterintuitive way. When the compiler sees a number of form `-X`, the type of `X` is determined *before* being negated. Promotion rules are as follows:
Negative integer literals are typed in a counterintuitive way. When the compiler sees a number of form `-X`, the type of `X` is determined *before* being negated. Promotion follows the **first fit rule** described as follows:
| Decimal | Oct/Hex |
| ----------- | -------------------- |
@ -227,6 +227,69 @@ Negative integer literals are typed in a counterintuitive way. When the compiler
| `-` | `long long` |
| `-` | `unsigned long long` |
%%ANKI
Basic
What is the first fit rule?
Back: A specification on what type is given to an integer literal.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1723937852091-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is the signedness of a decimal integer literal?
Back: `signed`
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1723937852099-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is the signedness of an octal integer literal?
Back: `signed` or `unsigned`.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1723937852105-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What is the signedness of a hexadecimal integer literal?
Back: `signed` or `unsigned`.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1723937852113-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
The first fit rule lists what types (in order) for decimal integer literals?
Back: `int`, `long`, and `long long`.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1723937852124-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
The first fit rule lists what types (in order) for octal integer literals?
Back: `int`, `unsigned`, `long`, `unsigned long`, `long long`, and `unsigned long long`.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1723937852132-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
The first fit rule lists what types (in order) for hexadecimal integer literals?
Back: `int`, `unsigned`, `long`, `unsigned long`, `long long`, and `unsigned long long`.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1723937852139-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
The first fit rule lists what types (in order) for hexadecimal integer literals?
Back: `int`, `unsigned`, `long`, `unsigned long`, `long long`, and `unsigned long long`.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
How does the compiler process integer literal `-X`?
@ -267,6 +330,14 @@ Reference: Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems
<!--ID: 1710673807995-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
Why avoid negative hexadecimal integer literals?
Back: Depending on value, the resulting type may be `unsigned`.
Reference: Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723937852145-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Cloze
Octal literals are to {`0`} whereas hexadecimal literals are to {`0x`/`0X`}.
@ -320,38 +391,6 @@ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Program
<!--ID: 1708615249873-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What suffix can be used to denote an `unsigned` integer literal?
Back: Case-insensitive `U`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1708615249876-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What suffix can be used to denote a `long` integer literal?
Back: Case-insensitive `L`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1708631820847-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What suffix can be used to denote a `long long` integer literal?
Back: Case-insensitive `LL`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1708631820850-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What suffix can be used to denote an `unsigned long long` integer literal?
Back: Case-insensitive `ULL`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1708631820856-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
In what order does C cast size and "signedness"?
@ -419,6 +458,178 @@ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Program
<!--ID: 1714677608769-->
END%%
Integer constants can be forced to be unsigned or to be a type with minimal width by using the following suffixes:
| Suffix | Type |
| ------ | -------------------- |
| `U` | `unsigned` |
| `L` | `long` |
| `LL` | `long long` |
| `ULL` | `unsigned long long` |
%%ANKI
Basic
Is an integer literal without a suffix (e.g. `U`) signed or unsigned?
Back: This depends on the first fit rule.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1723937852153-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What type is given to an integer literal without a suffix (e.g. `U`)?
Back: This depends on the first fit rule.
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1723938382384-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What suffix can be used to denote an `unsigned` integer literal?
Back: Case-insensitive `U`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1708615249876-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What suffix can be used to denote a `long` integer literal?
Back: Case-insensitive `L`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1708631820847-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What suffix can be used to denote a `long long` integer literal?
Back: Case-insensitive `LL`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1708631820850-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What suffix can be used to denote an `unsigned long long` integer literal?
Back: Case-insensitive `ULL`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1708631820856-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What type is given to integer literal `-1`?
Back: `int`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382388-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What type is given to integer literal `-1U`?
Back: `unsigned int`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382391-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What type is given to integer literal `1`?
Back: `int`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382394-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What type is given to integer literal `0x0U`?
Back: `unsigned int`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382398-->
END%%
## Floating Point
### Literals
Floating-point constants can be forced to be a type with minimal width by using the following suffixes:
| Suffix | Type |
| ------ | ------------- |
| `F` | `float` |
| `L` | `long double` |
%%ANKI
Basic
What type is given to a floating-point literal without a suffix (e.g. `F`)?
Back: `double`
Reference: Jens Gustedt, _Modern C_ (Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co, 2020).
<!--ID: 1723938382401-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What suffix can be used to denote a `float` floating-point literal?
Back: Case-insensitive `F`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382405-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What suffix can be used to denote a `double` floating-point literal?
Back: N/A. Do not use a suffix.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382409-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What suffix can be used to denote a `long double` floating-point literal?
Back: Case-insensitive `L`.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382414-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What type is given to floating-point literal `-1.0`?
Back: `double`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382418-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What type is given to floating-point literal `-1.0F`?
Back: `float`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382423-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What type is given to floating-point literal `-1.0FL`?
Back: N/A. Invalid suffix.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382427-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What type is given to floating-point literal `-1.0L`?
Back: `long double`
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382432-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What type is given to floating-point literal `-1.0LL`?
Back: N/A. Invalid suffix.
Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
<!--ID: 1723938382436-->
END%%
## Bibliography
* Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.

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Cloze
Let $Q$, $A$, and $B$ be sets. Then {$Q \restriction (A - B)$} $=$ {$(Q \restriction A) - (Q \restriction B)$}.
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1723933434787-->
END%%
%%ANKI

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@ -603,6 +603,14 @@ Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Pre
<!--ID: 1716395245855-->
END%%
%%ANKI
Basic
What does $\bigcup\,\{x\}$ evaluate to?
Back: $x$
Reference: Herbert B. Enderton, *Elements of Set Theory* (New York: Academic Press, 1977).
<!--ID: 1723933434782-->
END%%
### General Form
For any set $A$, there exists a set $B$ whose elements are exactly the members of the members of $A$: $$\forall A, \exists B, \forall x, x \in B \Leftrightarrow (\exists b \in B, x \in b)$$