ADTs, data structures, and additional notes on MOV instructions.

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notes/_journal/2024-05-02.md

@@ -9,3 +9,6 @@ title: "2024-05-02"
 - [ ] Korean (Read 1 Story)
 - [ ] Interview Prep (1 Practice Problem)
 - [ ] Log Work Hours (Max 3 hours)
+
+* Notes on priority queues and distinction between ADTs and data structures.
+* Further notes on MOV instructions and C/x86 parallels.

notes/abstract-data-types/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+---
+title: ADTs
+TARGET DECK: Obsidian::STEM
+FILE TAGS: adt
+tags:
+  - adt
+---
+
+## Overview
+
+An **abstract data type** (ADT) is a mathematical model for data types, defined in terms of its behavior (semantics). An ADT's implementation often takes the form of a [[data-structures/index|data structure]].
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is an ADT an acronym for?
+Back: **A**bstract **D**ata **T**type.
+Reference: “Abstract Data Type.” In _Wikipedia_, March 18, 2024. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576).
+<!--ID: 1714669011569-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is an ADT (abstract data type)?
+Back: A mathematical model for data types, defined in terms of its behavior.
+Reference: “Abstract Data Type.” In _Wikipedia_, March 18, 2024. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576).
+<!--ID: 1714669011571-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Cloze
+An {1:ADT} is to an {2:ISA} as a {2:data structure} is to a {1:uarch}.
+Reference: “Abstract Data Type.” In _Wikipedia_, March 18, 2024. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576).
+<!--ID: 1714669011572-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What term describes the concrete implementation of an ADT?
+Back: A data structure.
+Reference: “Abstract Data Type.” In _Wikipedia_, March 18, 2024. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576).
+<!--ID: 1714677608770-->
+END%%
+
+## Bibliography
+
+* “Abstract Data Type.” In _Wikipedia_, March 18, 2024. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576).

notes/abstract-data-types/priority-queues.md

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+---
+title: Priority Queues
+TARGET DECK: Obsidian::STEM
+FILE TAGS: adt::priority_queue data_structure::heap
+tags:
+  - adt
+  - heap
+  - priority_queue
+---
+
+## Overview
+
+A **priority queue** is a set that allows efficiently removing a maximum or minimum element. A max priority queue is usually implemented with a [[heaps|max-heap]] and a min priority queue is usually implemented with a [[heaps|min-heap]].
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is a max-priority queue?
+Back: A set that allows efficiently examining/extracting its maximum element.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714664647320-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is a min-priority queue?
+Back: A set that allows efficiently examining/extracting its minimum element.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714664647326-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Priority queues are usually implemented with what data structure?
+Back: Heaps.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714664647322-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What are the two kinds of priority queues?
+Back: Max-priority queues and min-priority queues.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714664647324-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Where is the maximum element of a heap-backed max-priority queue located?
+Back: At the root.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714666339569-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Where is the minimum element of a heap-backed max-priority queue located?
+Back: In one of the leaves.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714666339572-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+For a max-priority queue, what are the high-level steps of `MAX_HEAP_EXTRACT_MAX`?
+Back: Swap the first and last elements, decrease the size, and heapify the new root.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714666339573-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+For a max-priority queue, what are the high-level steps of `MAX_HEAP_INSERT`?
+Back: Increase the size, place element at the end, and repeatedly swap with parent until the max-heap property is fulfilled.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714666339575-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Where is the minimum element of a heap-backed min-priority queue located?
+Back: At the root.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714666339576-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Where is the maximum element of a heap-backed min-priority queue located?
+Back: In one of the leaves.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714666339578-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+For a min-priority queue, what are the high-level steps of `MIN_HEAP_EXTRACT_MIN`?
+Back: Swap the first and last elements, decrease the size, and heapify the new root.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714666339579-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+For a min-priority queue, what are the high-level steps of `MIN_HEAP_INSERT`?
+Back: Increase the size, place element at the end, and repeatedly swap with parent until the min-heap property is fulfilled.
+Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
+<!--ID: 1714666339581-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What distinguishes priority queues from heaps?
+Back: A priority queue is an ADT. A heap is a data structure.
+Reference: “Abstract Data Type.” In _Wikipedia_, March 18, 2024. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576).
+<!--ID: 1714669011566-->
+END%%
+
+## Bibliography
+
+* “Abstract Data Type.” In _Wikipedia_, March 18, 2024. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_data_type&oldid=1214359576).
+* Thomas H. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).

notes/c17/declarations.md

@@ -341,6 +341,73 @@ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Program
 <!--ID: 1708631820856-->
 END%%
 
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+In what order does C cast size and "signedness"?
+Back: C casts size then signedness.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1714677608760-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+In what order does C cast "signedness" and size?
+Back: C casts size then signedness.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1714677626482-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Given `short sx`, cast `(unsigned) sx` is more explicitly written as what other sequence of casts?
+Back: `(unsigned) (int) sx`
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1714677608762-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Given `short sx`, are the following two lines equivalent?
+```c
+(unsigned) sx
+(unsigned) (int) sx
+```
+Back: Yes.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1714677608764-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Given `short sx`, are the following two lines equivalent?
+```c
+(unsigned) sx
+(unsigned) (unsigned short) sx
+```
+Back: No.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1714677608766-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Given `short sx`, why is the following not an identity?
+```c
+(unsigned) sx = (unsigned) (unsigned short) sx
+```
+Back: `(unsigned) sx` is equivalent to casting size before "signedness".
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1714677608767-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What does "signedness" of a variable refer to?
+Back: Whether the variable was declared `signed` or `unsigned`.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1714677608769-->
+END%%
+
 ## Pointers
 
 Pointers have the same size as the machine's word size since it should be able to refer to any virtual address.

notes/data-structures/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+title: Data Structures
+TARGET DECK: Obsidian::STEM
+FILE TAGS: data_structure
+tags:
+  - data_structure
+---
+
+## Overview
+
+A **data structure** is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions/operations that can be applied to the data.
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is a data structure?
+Back: A collection of data values and the functions that can be applied to them.
+Reference: “Data Structure.” In _Wikipedia_, April 13, 2024. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_structure&oldid=1218671731](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_structure&oldid=1218671731).
+<!--ID: 1714669011575-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Cloze
+A {data structure} serves as the basis of an {ADT}.
+Reference: “Data Structure.” In _Wikipedia_, April 13, 2024. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_structure&oldid=1218671731](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_structure&oldid=1218671731).
+<!--ID: 1714669011577-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Cloze
+An {1:ADT} is to the {2:logical} whereas a {2:data structure} is to the {1:physical}.
+Reference: “Data Structure.” In _Wikipedia_, April 13, 2024. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_structure&oldid=1218671731](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_structure&oldid=1218671731).
+<!--ID: 1714669011579-->
+END%%
+
+## Bibliography
+
+* “Data Structure.” In _Wikipedia_, April 13, 2024. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_structure&oldid=1218671731](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_structure&oldid=1218671731).

notes/x86-64/instructions.md

@@ -630,6 +630,23 @@ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Program
 <!--ID: 1713625933491-->
 END%%
 
+%%ANKI
+Cloze
+A {pointer} in C is a {memory address} in x86.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+Tags: c17
+<!--ID: 1714677608754-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Dereferencing a pointer in C equates to what two operations in x86?
+Back: Copying the pointer into a register and then using the register in a memory reference.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+Tags: c17
+<!--ID: 1714677608758-->
+END%%
+
 ## Bibliography
 
 * Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.