Details on x86-64 operand forms.

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     "_journal/2024-04/2024-04-11.md": "5baeb12bc5cc5492af766def8f849fb4",
     "_journal/2024-04-14.md": "b51ad215e566bd96617d2817484232eb",
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   "fields_dict": {
     "Basic": [

notes/_journal/2024-04/2024-04-14.md

@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@
 title: "2024-04-14"
 ---
 
-- [ ] Anki Flashcards
+- [x] Anki Flashcards
-- [ ] KoL
+- [x] KoL
 - [ ] Sheet Music (10 min.)
 - [ ] Go (1 Life & Death Problem)
 - [ ] Korean (Read 1 Story)
 - [ ] Interview Prep (1 Practice Problem)
-- [ ] Log Work Hours (Max 3 hours)
+- [ ] Log Work Hours (Max 3 hours)
+
+* Read chapter on "Grokking the System Design Interview".

notes/_journal/2024-04/2024-04-15.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+title: "2024-04-15"
+---
+
+- [x] Anki Flashcards
+- [x] KoL
+- [ ] Sheet Music (10 min.)
+- [ ] Go (1 Life & Death Problem)
+- [ ] Korean (Read 1 Story)
+- [x] Interview Prep (1 Practice Problem)
+- [x] Log Work Hours (Max 3 hours)
+
+* Notes on the different operand forms x86-64 instructions can take on.
+* Setup room config for hide-and-seek application. This will drive the next bout of work.
+* Reviewed GraphQL concepts.

notes/set/trees.md

@@ -1010,15 +1010,6 @@ Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., _Introduction to Algorithms_, Fourth edition
 <!--ID: 1713118128244-->
 END%%
 
-%%ANKI
-Basic
-What recursive definition describes the number of nodes in each levelof a complete $k$-ary tree?
-Back: $a_n = k \cdot a_{n-1}$ with $a_0 = 1$
-Reference: Thomas H. Cormen et al., _Introduction to Algorithms_, Fourth edition (Cambridge, Massachusett: The MIT Press, 2022).
-Tags: algebra::sequence
-<!--ID: 1713118128246-->
-END%%
-
 %%ANKI
 Basic
 What recursive definition describes the number of nodes in each level of a complete $k$-ary tree?

notes/x86-64/instructions.md

@@ -60,6 +60,311 @@ Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Program
 <!--ID: 1710959313826-->
 END%%
 
+## Instruction Classes
+
+An x86-64 CPU contains a set of 16 general-purpose registers storing 64-bit values. They are used to store integers and pointers.
+
+1 Byte  | 2 Bytes | 4 Bytes | 8 Bytes | Purpose
+------- | ------- | ------- | ------- | -------
+`%al`   | `%ax`   | `%eax`  | `%rax`  | Return value
+`%bl`   | `%bx`   | `%ebx`  | `%rbx`  | Callee saved
+`%cl`   | `%cx`   | `%ecx`  | `%rcx`  | 4th argument
+`%dl`   | `%dx`   | `%edx`  | `%rdx`  | 3rd argument
+`%sil`  | `%si`   | `%esi`  | `%rsi`  | 2nd argument
+`%dil`  | `%di`   | `%edi`  | `%rdi`  | 1st argument
+`%bpl`  | `%bp`   | `%ebp`  | `%rbp`  | Callee saved
+`%spl`  | `%sp`   | `%esp`  | `%rsp`  | Stack pointer
+`%r8b`  | `%r8w`  | `%r8d`  | `%r8`   | 5th argument
+`%r9b`  | `%r9w`  | `%r9d`  | `%r9`   | 6th argument
+`%r10b` | `%r10w` | `%r10d` | `%r10`  | Caller saved
+`%r11b` | `%r11w` | `%r11d` | `%r11`  | Caller saved
+`%r12b` | `%r12w` | `%r12d` | `%r12`  | Callee saved
+`%r13b` | `%r13w` | `%r13d` | `%r13`  | Callee saved
+`%r14b` | `%r14w` | `%r14d` | `%r14`  | Callee saved
+`%r15b` | `%r15w` | `%r15d` | `%r15`  | Callee saved
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+How many general-purpose registers are available to x86-64 instructions?
+Back: 16
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889856-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Cloze
+The x86 64-bit registers all start with prefix {`%r`}.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889861-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Cloze
+The x86 32-bit registers all start with prefix {`%e`}.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889864-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Instructions that generate 1-byte quantities do what to the remaining bytes of a register?
+Back: Leaves them alone.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889866-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Instructions that generate 2-byte quantities do what to the remaining bytes of a register?
+Back: Leaves them alone.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889869-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Instructions that generate 4-byte quantities do what to the remaining bytes of a register?
+Back: Zeroes them out.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889872-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+Instructions that generate 8-byte quantities do what to the remaining bytes of a register?
+Back: N/A
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889874-->
+END%%
+
+There are three types of operands:
+
+* **Immediates**. These denote constant values. In ATT assembly, they are written with a `$` followed by an integer using standard C notation.
+* **Registers**. These denote the contents of a register.
+* **Memory**. These denote some memory location according to a computed address (i.e. the **effective address**).
+
+| Type      | Form             | Operand Value                      | Name                |
+| --------- | ---------------- | ---------------------------------- | ------------------- |
+| Immediate | $\$Imm$          | $Imm$                              | Immediate           |
+| Register  | $r_a$            | $R[r_a]$                           | Register            |
+| Memory    | $Imm$            | $M[Imm]$                           | Absolute            |
+| Memory    | $(r_a)$          | $M[R[r_a]]$                        | Indirect            |
+| Memory    | $Imm(r_b)$       | $M[Imm + R[r_b]]$                  | Base + displacement |
+| Memory    | $(r_b, r_i)$     | $M[R[r_b] + R[r_i]]$               | Indexed             |
+| Memory    | $Imm(r_b, r_i)$  | $M[Imm + R[r_b] + R[r_i]]$         | Indexed             |
+| Memory    | $(,r_i,s)$       | $M[R[r_i] \cdot s]$                | Scaled indexed      |
+| Memory    | $Imm(,r_i,s)$    | $M[Imm + R[r_i] \cdot s]$          | Scaled indexed      |
+| Memory    | $(r_b,r_i,s)$    | $M[R[r_b] + R[r_i] \cdot s]$       | Scaled indexed      |
+| Memory    | $Imm(r_b,r_i,s)$ | $M[Imm + R[r_b] + R[r_i] \cdot s]$ | Scaled indexed      |
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What are the three types of operands instructions can act on?
+Back: Immediates, registers, and memory addresses.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889877-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What are the types of source operands instructions can specify?
+Back: Immediates, registers, and memory addresses.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889887-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What are the types of destination operands instructions can specify?
+Back: Registers and memory addresses.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889894-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What does an immediate operand denote?
+Back: A constant value.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889897-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+In ATT syntax, how is an immediate written?
+Back: Aa a `$` followed by an integer using standard C notation.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889901-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+In ATT syntax, how is a register written?
+Back: Aa a `%` followed by the name of the register.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889905-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the operand value of form $\$Imm$?
+Back: $Imm$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889909-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the operand value of form $r_a$?
+Back: $R[r_a]$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889912-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the operand value of form $Imm$?
+Back: $M[Imm]$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889916-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the operand value of form $(r_a)$?
+Back: $M[R[r_a]]$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889920-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the operand value of form $Imm(r_b)$?
+Back: $M[Imm + R[r_b]]$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889923-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the operand value of form $(r_b, r_i)$?
+Back: $M[R[r_b] + R[r_i]]$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889927-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the operand value of form $Imm(r_b, r_i)$?
+Back: $M[Imm + R[r_b] + R[r_i]]$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889930-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the operand value of form $(,r_i,s)$?
+Back: $M[R[r_i] \cdot s]$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889933-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the operand value of form $Imm(,r_i,s)$?
+Back: $M[Imm + R[r_i] \cdot s]$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889937-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the operand value of form $(r_b,r_i,s)$?
+Back: $M[R[r_b] + R[r_i] \cdot s]$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889941-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the operand value of form $Imm(r_b,r_i,s)$?
+Back: $M[Imm + R[r_b] + R[r_i] \cdot s]$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889945-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What distinguishes operand value $r_a$ from $(r_a)$?
+Back: The former denotes the register value. The latter denotes the value in memory at the address stored in $r_a$.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889949-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What values can $s$ take on in operand form $Imm(r_b,r_i,s)$?
+Back: $1$, $2$, $4$, or $8$.
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713212889952-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What operand form is named "immediate"?
+Back: $\$Imm$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713213168875-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What operand form is named "register"?
+Back: $r_a$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713213168878-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What operand form is named "absolute"?
+Back: $Imm$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713213168881-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What operand form is named "indirect"?
+Back: $(r_a)$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713213168884-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What operand form is named "base + displacement"?
+Back: $Imm(r_b)$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713213168887-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the most general operand form named "indexed" (*not* "scaled indexed")?
+Back: $Imm(r_b, r_i)$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713213168890-->
+END%%
+
+%%ANKI
+Basic
+What is the most general operand form named "scaled indexed" (*not* indexed)?
+Back: $Imm(r_b, r_i, s)$
+Reference: Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+<!--ID: 1713213168894-->
+END%%
+
 ## Bibliography
 
-* Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.
+* Bryant, Randal E., and David O'Hallaron. *Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective*. Third edition, Global edition. Always Learning. Pearson, 2016.