bookshelf/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set/Chapter_3.lean

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import Bookshelf.Enderton.Set.Chapter_2
import Bookshelf.Enderton.Set.OrderedPair
import Bookshelf.Enderton.Set.Relation
/-! # Enderton.Chapter_3
Relations and Functions
-/
namespace Enderton.Set.Chapter_3
/-- ### Theorem 3B
If `x ∈ C` and `y ∈ C`, then `⟨x, y⟩ ∈ 𝒫 𝒫 C`.
-/
theorem theorem_3b {C : Set α} (hx : x ∈ C) (hy : y ∈ C)
: OrderedPair x y ∈ 𝒫 𝒫 C := by
have hxs : {x} ⊆ C := Set.singleton_subset_iff.mpr hx
have hxys : {x, y} ⊆ C := Set.mem_mem_imp_pair_subset hx hy
exact Set.mem_mem_imp_pair_subset hxs hxys
/-- ### Exercise 3.1
Suppose that we attempted to generalize the Kuratowski definitions of ordered
pairs to ordered triples by defining
```
⟨x, y, z⟩* = {{x}, {x, y}, {x, y, z}}.open Set
```
Show that this definition is unsuccessful by giving examples of objects `u`,
`v`, `w`, `x`, `y`, `z` with `⟨x, y, z⟩* = ⟨u, v, w⟩*` but with either `y ≠ v`
or `z ≠ w` (or both).
-/
theorem exercise_3_1 {x y z u v w : }
(hx : x = 1) (hy : y = 1) (hz : z = 2)
(hu : u = 1) (hv : v = 2) (hw : w = 2)
: ({{x}, {x, y}, {x, y, z}} : Set (Set )) = {{u}, {u, v}, {u, v, w}}
∧ y ≠ v := by
apply And.intro
· rw [hx, hy, hz, hu, hv, hw]
simp
· rw [hy, hv]
simp only
/-- ### Exercise 3.2a
Show that `A × (B C) = (A × B) (A × C)`.
-/
theorem exercise_3_2a {A : Set α} {B C : Set β}
: Set.prod A (B C) = (Set.prod A B) (Set.prod A C) := by
calc Set.prod A (B C)
_ = { p | p.1 ∈ A ∧ p.2 ∈ B C } := rfl
_ = { p | p.1 ∈ A ∧ (p.2 ∈ B p.2 ∈ C) } := rfl
_ = { p | (p.1 ∈ A ∧ p.2 ∈ B) (p.1 ∈ A ∧ p.2 ∈ C) } := by
ext x
rw [Set.mem_setOf_eq]
conv => lhs; rw [and_or_left]
_ = { p | p ∈ Set.prod A B (p ∈ Set.prod A C) } := rfl
_ = (Set.prod A B) (Set.prod A C) := rfl
/-- ### Exercise 3.2b
Show that if `A × B = A × C` and `A ≠ ∅`, then `B = C`.
-/
theorem exercise_3_2b {A : Set α} {B C : Set β}
(h : Set.prod A B = Set.prod A C) (hA : Set.Nonempty A)
: B = C := by
by_cases hB : Set.Nonempty B
· rw [Set.Subset.antisymm_iff]
have ⟨a, ha⟩ := hA
apply And.intro
· show ∀ t, t ∈ B → t ∈ C
intro t ht
have : (a, t) ∈ Set.prod A B := ⟨ha, ht⟩
rw [h] at this
exact this.right
· show ∀ t, t ∈ C → t ∈ B
intro t ht
have : (a, t) ∈ Set.prod A C := ⟨ha, ht⟩
rw [← h] at this
exact this.right
· have nB : B = ∅ := Set.not_nonempty_iff_eq_empty.mp hB
rw [nB, Set.prod_right_emptyset_eq_emptyset, Set.ext_iff] at h
rw [nB]
by_contra nC
have ⟨a, ha⟩ := hA
have ⟨c, hc⟩ := Set.nonempty_iff_ne_empty.mpr (Ne.symm nC)
exact (h (a, c)).mpr ⟨ha, hc⟩
/-- ### Exercise 3.3
Show that `A × 𝓑 = {A × X | X ∈ 𝓑}`.
-/
theorem exercise_3_3 {A : Set (Set α)} {𝓑 : Set (Set β)}
: Set.prod A (⋃₀ 𝓑) = ⋃₀ {Set.prod A X | X ∈ 𝓑} := by
calc Set.prod A (⋃₀ 𝓑)
_ = { p | p.1 ∈ A ∧ p.2 ∈ ⋃₀ 𝓑} := rfl
_ = { p | p.1 ∈ A ∧ ∃ b ∈ 𝓑, p.2 ∈ b } := rfl
_ = { p | ∃ b ∈ 𝓑, p.1 ∈ A ∧ p.2 ∈ b } := by
ext x
rw [Set.mem_setOf_eq]
apply Iff.intro
· intro ⟨h₁, b, h₂⟩
exact ⟨b, h₂.left, h₁, h₂.right⟩
· intro ⟨b, h₁, h₂, h₃⟩
exact ⟨h₂, b, h₁, h₃⟩
_ = ⋃₀ { Set.prod A p | p ∈ 𝓑 } := by
ext x
rw [Set.mem_setOf_eq]
unfold Set.sUnion sSup Set.instSupSetSet
simp only [Set.mem_setOf_eq, exists_exists_and_eq_and]
apply Iff.intro
· intro ⟨b, h₁, h₂, h₃⟩
exact ⟨b, h₁, h₂, h₃⟩
· intro ⟨b, h₁, h₂, h₃⟩
exact ⟨b, h₁, h₂, h₃⟩
/-- ### Exercise 3.5a
Assume that `A` and `B` are given sets, and show that there exists a set `C`
such that for any `y`,
```
y ∈ C ↔ y = {x} × B for some x in A.
```
In other words, show that `{{x} × B | x ∈ A}` is a set.
-/
theorem exercise_3_5a {A : Set α} {B : Set β}
: ∃ C : Set (Set (α × β)),
y ∈ C ↔ ∃ x ∈ A, y = Set.prod {x} B := by
let C := {y ∈ 𝒫 (Set.prod A B) | ∃ a ∈ A, ∀ x, (x ∈ y ↔ ∃ b ∈ B, x = (a, b))}
refine ⟨C, ?_⟩
apply Iff.intro
· intro hC
simp only [Set.mem_setOf_eq] at hC
have ⟨_, ⟨a, ⟨ha, h⟩⟩⟩ := hC
refine ⟨a, ⟨ha, ?_⟩⟩
ext x
apply Iff.intro
· intro hxy
unfold Set.prod
simp only [Set.mem_singleton_iff, Set.mem_setOf_eq]
have ⟨b, ⟨hb, hx⟩⟩ := (h x).mp hxy
rw [Prod.ext_iff] at hx
simp only at hx
rw [← hx.right] at hb
exact ⟨hx.left, hb⟩
· intro hx
simp only [Set.mem_singleton_iff, Set.mem_setOf_eq] at hx
have := (h (a, x.snd)).mpr ⟨x.snd, ⟨hx.right, rfl⟩⟩
have hxab : x = (a, x.snd) := by
ext <;> simp
exact hx.left
rwa [← hxab] at this
· intro ⟨x, ⟨hx, hy⟩⟩
show y ∈ 𝒫 Set.prod A B ∧ ∃ a, a ∈ A ∧
∀ (x : α × β), x ∈ y ↔ ∃ b, b ∈ B ∧ x = (a, b)
apply And.intro
· simp only [Set.mem_powerset_iff]
rw [hy]
unfold Set.prod
simp only [
Set.mem_singleton_iff,
Set.setOf_subset_setOf,
and_imp,
Prod.forall
]
intro a b ha hb
exact ⟨by rw [ha]; exact hx, hb⟩
· refine ⟨x, ⟨hx, ?_⟩⟩
intro p
apply Iff.intro
· intro hab
rw [hy] at hab
unfold Set.prod at hab
simp only [Set.mem_singleton_iff, Set.mem_setOf_eq] at hab
exact ⟨p.2, ⟨hab.right, by ext; exact hab.left; simp⟩⟩
· intro ⟨b, ⟨hb, hab⟩⟩
rw [hy]
unfold Set.prod
simp only [Set.mem_singleton_iff, Set.mem_setOf_eq]
rw [Prod.ext_iff] at hab
simp only at hab
rw [hab.right]
exact ⟨hab.left, hb⟩
/-- ### Exercise 3.5b
With `A`, `B`, and `C` as above, show that `A × B = C`.
-/
theorem exercise_3_5b {A : Set α} (B : Set β)
: Set.prod A B = ⋃₀ {Set.prod ({x} : Set α) B | x ∈ A} := by
rw [Set.Subset.antisymm_iff]
apply And.intro
· show ∀ t, t ∈ Set.prod A B → t ∈ ⋃₀ {Set.prod {x} B | x ∈ A}
intro t h
simp only [Set.mem_setOf_eq] at h
unfold Set.sUnion sSup Set.instSupSetSet
simp only [Set.mem_setOf_eq, exists_exists_and_eq_and]
unfold Set.prod at h
simp only [Set.mem_setOf_eq] at h
refine ⟨t.fst, ⟨h.left, ?_⟩⟩
unfold Set.prod
simp only [Set.mem_singleton_iff, Set.mem_setOf_eq, true_and]
exact h.right
· show ∀ t, t ∈ ⋃₀ {Set.prod {x} B | x ∈ A} → t ∈ Set.prod A B
unfold Set.prod
intro t ht
simp only [
Set.mem_singleton_iff,
Set.mem_sUnion,
Set.mem_setOf_eq,
exists_exists_and_eq_and
] at ht
have ⟨a, ⟨h, ⟨ha, hb⟩⟩⟩ := ht
simp only [Set.mem_setOf_eq]
rw [← ha] at h
exact ⟨h, hb⟩
/-- ### Theorem 3D
If `⟨x, y⟩ ∈ A`, then `x` and `y` belong to ` A`.
-/
theorem theorem_3d {A : Set (Set (Set α))} (h : OrderedPair x y ∈ A)
: x ∈ ⋃₀ (⋃₀ A) ∧ y ∈ ⋃₀ (⋃₀ A) := by
have hp := Chapter_2.exercise_2_3 (OrderedPair x y) h
unfold OrderedPair at hp
have hq : {x, y} ∈ ⋃₀ A := hp (by simp)
have : {x, y} ⊆ ⋃₀ ⋃₀ A := Chapter_2.exercise_2_3 {x, y} hq
exact ⟨this (by simp), this (by simp)⟩
/-- ### Exercise 3.6
Show that a set `A` is a relation **iff** `A ⊆ dom A × ran A`.
-/
theorem exercise_3_6 {A : Set.Relation α}
: A ⊆ Set.prod (A.dom) (A.ran) := by
show ∀ t, t ∈ A → t ∈ Set.prod (Prod.fst '' A) (Prod.snd '' A)
intro (a, b) ht
unfold Set.prod
simp only [
Set.mem_image,
Prod.exists,
exists_and_right,
exists_eq_right,
Set.mem_setOf_eq
]
exact ⟨⟨b, ht⟩, ⟨a, ht⟩⟩
/-- ### Exercise 3.7
Show that if `R` is a relation, then `fld R = R`.
-/
theorem exercise_3_7 {R : Set.Relation α}
: R.fld = ⋃₀ ⋃₀ R.toOrderedPairs := by
let img := R.toOrderedPairs
rw [Set.Subset.antisymm_iff]
apply And.intro
· show ∀ x, x ∈ R.fld → x ∈ ⋃₀ ⋃₀ img
intro x hx
apply Or.elim hx
· intro hd
unfold Set.Relation.dom Prod.fst at hd
simp only [
Set.mem_image, Prod.exists, exists_and_right, exists_eq_right
] at hd
have ⟨y, hp⟩ := hd
have hm : OrderedPair x y ∈ Set.image (fun p => OrderedPair p.1 p.2) R := by
unfold Set.image
simp only [Prod.exists, Set.mem_setOf_eq]
exact ⟨x, ⟨y, ⟨hp, rfl⟩⟩⟩
unfold OrderedPair at hm
have : {x} ∈ ⋃₀ img := Chapter_2.exercise_2_3 {{x}, {x, y}} hm (by simp)
exact (Chapter_2.exercise_2_3 {x} this) (show x ∈ {x} by rfl)
· intro hr
unfold Set.Relation.ran Prod.snd at hr
simp only [Set.mem_image, Prod.exists, exists_eq_right] at hr
have ⟨t, ht⟩ := hr
have hm : OrderedPair t x ∈ Set.image (fun p => OrderedPair p.1 p.2) R := by
simp only [Set.mem_image, Prod.exists]
exact ⟨t, ⟨x, ⟨ht, rfl⟩⟩⟩
unfold OrderedPair at hm
have : {t, x} ∈ ⋃₀ img := Chapter_2.exercise_2_3 {{t}, {t, x}} hm
(show {t, x} ∈ {{t}, {t, x}} by simp)
exact Chapter_2.exercise_2_3 {t, x} this (show x ∈ {t, x} by simp)
· show ∀ t, t ∈ ⋃₀ ⋃₀ img → t ∈ Set.Relation.fld R
intro t ht
have ⟨T, hT⟩ : ∃ T ∈ ⋃₀ img, t ∈ T := ht
have ⟨T', hT'⟩ : ∃ T' ∈ img, T ∈ T' := hT.left
dsimp only at hT'
unfold Set.Relation.toOrderedPairs at hT'
simp only [Set.mem_image, Prod.exists] at hT'
have ⟨x, ⟨y, ⟨p, hp⟩⟩⟩ := hT'.left
have hr := hT'.right
rw [← hp] at hr
unfold OrderedPair at hr
simp only [Set.mem_singleton_iff, Set.mem_insert_iff] at hr
-- Use `exercise_6_6` to prove that if `t = x` then `t ∈ dom R` and if
-- `t = y` then `t ∈ ran R`.
have hxy_mem : t = x t = y → t ∈ Set.Relation.fld R := by
intro ht
have hz : R ⊆ Set.prod (R.dom) (R.ran) := exercise_3_6
have : (x, y) ∈ Set.prod (R.dom) (R.ran) := hz p
unfold Set.prod at this
simp at this
apply Or.elim ht
· intro ht'
rw [← ht'] at this
exact Or.inl this.left
· intro ht'
rw [← ht'] at this
exact Or.inr this.right
-- Eliminate `T = {x} T = {x, y}`.
apply Or.elim hr
· intro hx
have := hT.right
rw [hx] at this
simp only [Set.mem_singleton_iff] at this
exact hxy_mem (Or.inl this)
· intro hxy
have := hT.right
rw [hxy] at this
simp only [Set.mem_singleton_iff, Set.mem_insert_iff] at this
exact hxy_mem this
section
open Set.Relation
/-- ### Exercise 3.8 (i)
Show that for any set `𝓐`:
```
dom A = { dom R | R ∈ 𝓐 }
```
-/
theorem exercise_3_8_i {A : Set (Set.Relation α)}
: dom (⋃₀ A) = ⋃₀ { dom R | R ∈ A } := by
ext x
unfold dom Prod.fst
simp only [
Set.mem_image,
Set.mem_sUnion,
Prod.exists,
exists_and_right,
exists_eq_right,
Set.mem_setOf_eq,
exists_exists_and_eq_and
]
apply Iff.intro
· intro ⟨y, t, ht, hx⟩
exact ⟨t, ht, y, hx⟩
· intro ⟨t, ht, y, hx⟩
exact ⟨y, t, ht, hx⟩
/-- ### Exercise 3.8 (ii)
Show that for any set `𝓐`:
```
ran A = { ran R | R ∈ 𝓐 }
```
-/
theorem exercise_3_8_ii {A : Set (Set.Relation α)}
: ran (⋃₀ A) = ⋃₀ { ran R | R ∈ A } := by
ext x
unfold ran Prod.snd
simp only [
Set.mem_image,
Set.mem_sUnion,
Prod.exists,
exists_eq_right,
Set.mem_setOf_eq,
exists_exists_and_eq_and
]
apply Iff.intro
· intro ⟨t, ⟨y, ⟨hy, ht⟩⟩⟩
exact ⟨y, ⟨hy, ⟨t, ht⟩⟩⟩
· intro ⟨y, ⟨hy, ⟨t, ht⟩⟩⟩
exact ⟨t, ⟨y, ⟨hy, ht⟩⟩⟩
/-- ### Exercise 3.9 (i)
Discuss the result of replacing the union operation by the intersection
operation in the preceding problem.
```
dom A = { dom R | R ∈ 𝓐 }
```
-/
theorem exercise_3_9_i {A : Set (Set.Relation α)}
: dom (⋂₀ A) ⊆ ⋂₀ { dom R | R ∈ A } := by
show ∀ x, x ∈ dom (⋂₀ A) → x ∈ ⋂₀ { dom R | R ∈ A }
unfold dom Prod.fst
simp only [
Set.mem_image,
Set.mem_sInter,
Prod.exists,
exists_and_right,
exists_eq_right,
Set.mem_setOf_eq,
forall_exists_index,
and_imp,
forall_apply_eq_imp_iff₂
]
intro _ y hy R hR
exact ⟨y, hy R hR⟩
/-- ### Exercise 3.9 (ii)
Discuss the result of replacing the union operation by the intersection
operation in the preceding problem.
```
ran A = { ran R | R ∈ 𝓐 }
```
-/
theorem exercise_3_9_ii {A : Set (Set.Relation α)}
: ran (⋂₀ A) ⊆ ⋂₀ { ran R | R ∈ A } := by
show ∀ x, x ∈ ran (⋂₀ A) → x ∈ ⋂₀ { ran R | R ∈ A }
unfold ran Prod.snd
simp only [
Set.mem_image,
Set.mem_sInter,
Prod.exists,
exists_and_right,
exists_eq_right,
Set.mem_setOf_eq,
forall_exists_index,
and_imp,
forall_apply_eq_imp_iff₂
]
intro _ y hy R hR
exact ⟨y, hy R hR⟩
/-- ### Theorem 3G (i)
Assume that `F` is a one-to-one function. If `x ∈ dom F`, then `F⁻¹(F(x)) = x`.
-/
theorem theorem_3g_i {F : Set.Relation α}
(hF : F.isOneToOne) (hx : x ∈ dom F)
: ∃! y, (x, y) ∈ F ∧ (y, x) ∈ F.inv := by
simp only [mem_self_comm_mem_inv, and_self]
have ⟨y, hy⟩ := dom_exists hx
refine ⟨y, hy, ?_⟩
intro y₁ hy₁
unfold isOneToOne at hF
exact (single_valued_eq_unique hF.left hy hy₁).symm
/-- ### Theorem 3G (ii)
Assume that `F` is a one-to-one function. If `y ∈ ran F`, then `F(F⁻¹(y)) = y`.
-/
theorem theorem_3g_ii {F : Set.Relation α}
(hF : F.isOneToOne) (hy : y ∈ F.ran)
: ∃! x, (x, y) ∈ F ∧ (y, x) ∈ F.inv := by
simp only [mem_self_comm_mem_inv, and_self]
have ⟨x, hx⟩ := ran_exists hy
refine ⟨x, hx, ?_⟩
intro x₁ hx₁
unfold isOneToOne at hF
exact (single_rooted_eq_unique hF.right hx hx₁).symm
/-- ### Theorem 3H
Assume that `F` and `G` are functions. Then
```
dom (F ∘ G) = {x ∈ dom G | G(x) ∈ dom F}.
```
-/
theorem theorem_3h_dom {F G : Set.Relation α}
(_ : F.isSingleValued) (hG : G.isSingleValued)
: dom (F.comp G) = {x ∈ dom G | ∃! y, (x, y) ∈ G ∧ y ∈ dom F } := by
let rhs := {x ∈ dom G | ∃! y, (x, y) ∈ G ∧ y ∈ dom F }
rw [Set.Subset.antisymm_iff]
apply And.intro
· show ∀ t, t ∈ dom (F.comp G) → t ∈ rhs
intro t ht
simp only [Set.mem_setOf_eq]
have ⟨z, hz⟩ := dom_exists ht
refine ⟨dom_comp_imp_dom_self ht, ?_⟩
simp only [Set.mem_setOf_eq] at hz
have ⟨a, ha⟩ := hz
unfold dom
simp only [Set.mem_image, Prod.exists, exists_and_right, exists_eq_right]
unfold ExistsUnique
simp only [and_imp, forall_exists_index]
refine ⟨a, ⟨ha.left, z, ha.right⟩, ?_⟩
intro y₁ hy₁
exact fun _ _ => single_valued_eq_unique hG hy₁ ha.left
· show ∀ t, t ∈ rhs → t ∈ dom (F.comp G)
intro t ht
simp only [Set.mem_setOf_eq] at ht
unfold dom
simp only [Set.mem_image, Prod.exists, exists_and_right, exists_eq_right]
have ⟨a, ha⟩ := ht.right
simp at ha
have ⟨b, hb⟩ := dom_exists ha.left.right
refine ⟨b, ?_⟩
unfold comp
simp only [Set.mem_setOf_eq]
exact ⟨a, ha.left.left, hb⟩
/-- ### Theorem 3J (a)
Assume that `F : A → B`, and that `A` is nonempty. There exists a function
`G : B → A` (a "left inverse") such that `G ∘ F` is the identity function on `A`
**iff** `F` is one-to-one.
-/
theorem theorem_3j_a {F : Set.Relation α} {A B : Set α}
(hF : F.mapsInto A B) (hA : Set.Nonempty A)
: (∃ G : Set.Relation α,
G.mapsInto B A ∧ (∀ p ∈ G.comp F, p.1 = p.2)) ↔ F.isOneToOne := by
sorry
/-- ### Theorem 3J (b)
Assume that `F : A → B`, and that `A` is nonempty. There exists a function
`H : B → A` (a "right inverse") such that `F ∘ H` is the identity function on
`B` **iff** `F` maps `A` onto `B`.
-/
theorem theorem_3j_b {F : Set.Relation α} {A B : Set α}
(hF : F.mapsInto A B) (hA : Set.Nonempty A)
: (∃ H : Set.Relation α,
H.mapsInto B A ∧ (∀ p ∈ F.comp H, p.1 = p.2)) ↔ F.mapsOnto A B := by
sorry
end
end Enderton.Set.Chapter_3