diff --git a/src/theorem-proving-in-lean/exercises-3.lean b/src/theorem-proving-in-lean/exercises-3.lean new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43fc767 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/theorem-proving-in-lean/exercises-3.lean @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +/- Exercises 3.7 + - + - Avigad, Jeremy. ‘Theorem Proving in Lean’, n.d. +-/ + +-- Exercise 1 +-- +-- Prove the following identities, replacing the "sorry" placeholders with +-- actual proofs. +section ex_1 + +open or + +variables p q r : Prop + +-- Commutativity of ∧ and ∨ +example : p ∧ q ↔ q ∧ p := + iff.intro + (assume ⟨p, q⟩, ⟨q, p⟩) + (assume ⟨q, p⟩, ⟨p, q⟩) +example : p ∨ q ↔ q ∨ p := + iff.intro + (assume h, h.elim + (assume hp : p, inr hp) + (assume hq : q, inl hq)) + (assume h, h.elim + (assume hq : q, inr hq) + (assume hp : p, inl hp)) + +-- Associativity of ∧ and ∨ +example : (p ∧ q) ∧ r ↔ p ∧ (q ∧ r) := + iff.intro + (assume ⟨⟨p, q⟩, r⟩, ⟨p, q, r⟩) + (assume ⟨p, q, r⟩, ⟨⟨p, q⟩, r⟩) +example : (p ∨ q) ∨ r ↔ p ∨ (q ∨ r) := + iff.intro + (assume h₁, h₁.elim + (assume h₂, h₂.elim (assume p, inl p) (assume q, inr (inl q))) + (assume r, inr (inr r))) + (assume h₁, h₁.elim + (assume p, inl (inl p)) + (assume h₂, h₂.elim (assume q, inl (inr q)) (assume r, inr r))) + +-- Distributivity +example : p ∧ (q ∨ r) ↔ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r) := + iff.intro + (assume ⟨hp, hqr⟩, hqr.elim + (assume hq, inl ⟨hp, hq⟩) + (assume hr, inr ⟨hp, hr⟩)) + (assume h₁, h₁.elim + (assume ⟨hp, hq⟩, ⟨hp, inl hq⟩) + (assume ⟨hp, hr⟩, ⟨hp, inr hr⟩)) +example : p ∨ (q ∧ r) ↔ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r) := + iff.intro + (assume h, h.elim + (assume hp, ⟨inl hp, inl hp⟩) + (assume ⟨hq, hr⟩, ⟨inr hq, inr hr⟩)) + (assume ⟨h₁, h₂⟩, h₁.elim + (assume hp, inl hp) + (assume hq, h₂.elim (assume hp, inl hp) (assume hr, inr ⟨hq, hr⟩))) + +-- Other properties +example : (p → (q → r)) ↔ (p ∧ q → r) := + iff.intro + (assume h ⟨hp, hq⟩, h hp hq) + (assume h hp hq, h ⟨hp, hq⟩) + +example : ((p ∨ q) → r) ↔ (p → r) ∧ (q → r) := + iff.intro + (assume h, + have h₁ : p → r, from (assume hp, h (or.inl hp)), + have h₂ : q → r, from (assume hq, h (or.inr hq)), + ⟨h₁, h₂⟩) + (assume ⟨hpr, hqr⟩, assume hpq, hpq.elim hpr hqr) + +example : ¬(p ∨ q) ↔ ¬p ∧ ¬q := + iff.intro + (assume h, and.intro + (assume hp, h (inl hp)) + (assume hq, h (inr hq))) + (assume h₁ h₂, h₂.elim + (assume hp, have np : ¬p, from h₁.left, absurd hp np) + (assume hq, have nq : ¬q, from h₁.right, absurd hq nq)) + +example : ¬p ∨ ¬q → ¬(p ∧ q) := + assume h₁ h₂, + h₁.elim + (assume np : ¬p, have hp : p, from h₂.left, absurd hp np) + (assume nq : ¬q, have hq : q, from h₂.right, absurd hq nq) + +example : ¬(p ∧ ¬p) := + assume h, + have hp : p, from h.left, + have np : ¬p, from h.right, + absurd hp np + +example : p ∧ ¬q → ¬(p → q) := + assume ⟨hp, nq⟩ hpq, + absurd (hpq hp) nq + +example : ¬p → (p → q) := + assume np hp, + absurd hp np + +example : (¬p ∨ q) → (p → q) := + assume npq hp, + npq.elim + (assume np, absurd hp np) + (assume hq, hq) + +example : p ∨ false ↔ p := + iff.intro + (assume hpf, hpf.elim + (assume hp, hp) + (assume hf, false.elim hf)) + (assume hp, inl hp) + +example : p ∧ false ↔ false := + iff.intro + (assume ⟨hp, hf⟩, hf) + (assume hf, false.elim hf) + +example : (p → q) → (¬q → ¬p) := + assume hpq nq hp, + absurd (hpq hp) nq + +end ex_1 + +-- Example 2 +-- +-- Prove the following identities, replacing the “sorry” placeholders with +-- actual proofs. These require classical reasoning. +section ex_2 + +open classical + +variables p q r s : Prop + +example (hp : p) : (p → r ∨ s) → ((p → r) ∨ (p → s)) := + assume h₁, + or.elim (h₁ hp) + (assume hr, or.inl (assume hp, hr)) + (assume hs, or.inr (assume hp, hs)) + +example : ¬(p ∧ q) → ¬p ∨ ¬q := + assume npq, + or.elim (em p) + (assume hp, or.elim (em q) + (assume hq, false.elim (npq ⟨hp, hq⟩)) + (assume nq, or.inr nq)) + (assume np, or.inl np) + +example : ¬(p → q) → p ∧ ¬q := + assume h₁, + and.intro + (by_contradiction ( + assume np, + h₁ (λ (hp : p), absurd hp np) + )) + (assume hq, h₁ (λ (hp : p), hq)) + +example : (p → q) → (¬p ∨ q) := + assume hpq, + or.elim (em p) + (assume hp, or.inr (hpq hp)) + (assume np, or.inl np) + +example : (¬q → ¬p) → (p → q) := + assume h₁ hp, + by_contradiction (assume nq, absurd hp (h₁ nq)) + +example : p ∨ ¬p := em p + +example : (((p → q) → p) → p) := + assume h₁, + by_contradiction ( + assume np, + suffices hp : p, from absurd hp np, + h₁ (λ (hp : p), absurd hp np) + ) + +end ex_2 + +-- Example 3 +-- +-- Prove `¬(p ↔ ¬p)` without using classical logic. +section ex_3 + +variable p : Prop + +example (hp : p) : ¬(p ↔ ¬p) := + assume h, + absurd hp (iff.elim_left h (hp)) + +end ex_3