diff --git a/src/theorem-proving-in-lean/exercises-7.lean b/src/theorem-proving-in-lean/exercises-7.lean index 472090e..6d9767b 100644 --- a/src/theorem-proving-in-lean/exercises-7.lean +++ b/src/theorem-proving-in-lean/exercises-7.lean @@ -31,42 +31,42 @@ def add (m n : Nat) : Nat := instance : Add Nat where add := add -theorem addZero (m : Nat) : m + Nat.zero = m := +theorem add_zero (m : Nat) : m + Nat.zero = m := rfl -theorem addSucc (m n : Nat) : m + n.succ = (m + n).succ := +theorem add_succ (m n : Nat) : m + n.succ = (m + n).succ := rfl -theorem zeroAdd (n : Nat) : Nat.zero + n = n := +theorem zero_add (n : Nat) : Nat.zero + n = n := Nat.recOn (motive := fun x => Nat.zero + x = x) n (show Nat.zero + Nat.zero = Nat.zero from rfl) (fun (n : Nat) (ih : Nat.zero + n = n) => show Nat.zero + n.succ = n.succ from calc - Nat.zero + n.succ = (Nat.zero + n).succ := addSucc Nat.zero n + Nat.zero + n.succ = (Nat.zero + n).succ := add_succ Nat.zero n _ = n.succ := by rw [ih]) -- Additional definitions. -def mul (m n : Nat) : Nat := sorry +def mul (m n : Nat) : Nat := + match n with + | Nat.zero => Nat.zero + | Nat.succ n => m + mul m n --- def mul (m n : nat) : nat := --- nat.rec_on n nat.zero (λ k ak, add m ak) +def pred (n : Nat) : Nat := + match n with + | Nat.zero => Nat.zero + | Nat.succ n => n -def pred (n : Nat) : Nat := sorry +def sub (m n : Nat) : Nat := + match n with + | Nat.zero => m + | Nat.succ n => sub (pred m) n --- def pred (n : nat) : nat := --- nat.cases_on n nat.zero id - -def sub (m n : Nat) : Nat := sorry - --- def sub (m n : nat) : nat := --- nat.rec_on n m (λ k ak, pred ak) - -def exp (m n : Nat) : Nat := sorry - --- def exp (m n : nat) : nat := --- nat.rec_on n (nat.zero.succ) (λ k ak, mul m ak) +def exp (m n : Nat) : Nat := + match n with + | Nat.zero => Nat.zero.succ + | Nat.succ n => mul m (exp m n) end Nat @@ -82,41 +82,90 @@ end ex1 -- c. `reverse (reverse t) = t` namespace ex2 -open List - variable {α : Type _} --- theorem length_sum (s t : list α) : length (s ++ t) = length s + length t := --- list.rec_on s --- (by rw [nil_append, length, zero_add]) --- (assume hd tl ih, by rw [ --- length, --- cons_append, --- length, --- ih, --- add_assoc, --- add_comm t.length, --- add_assoc --- ]) --- --- lemma cons_reverse (hd : α) (tl : list α) --- : reverse (hd :: tl) = reverse tl ++ [hd] := --- sorry --- --- theorem length_reverse (t : list α) : length (reverse t) = length t := --- list.rec_on t --- (by unfold reverse reverse_core) --- (assume hd tl ih, begin --- unfold length, --- rw cons_reverse, --- rw length_sum, --- unfold length, --- rw zero_add, --- rw ih, --- end) --- --- theorem reverse_reverse (t : list α) : reverse (reverse t) = t := --- list.rec_on t rfl (assume hd tl ih, sorry) +theorem length_sum (s t : List α) + : List.length (s ++ t) = List.length s + List.length t := + List.recOn s + (by rw [List.nil_append, List.length, Nat.zero_add]) + (fun hd tl ih => by rw [ + List.length, + List.cons_append, + List.length, + ih, + Nat.add_assoc, + Nat.add_comm t.length, + Nat.add_assoc + ]) + +theorem length_inject_anywhere (x : α) (as bs : List α) + : List.length (as ++ [x] ++ bs) = List.length as + List.length bs + 1 := by + induction as with + | nil => simp + | cons head tail ih => calc + List.length (head :: tail ++ [x] ++ bs) + = List.length (tail ++ [x] ++ bs) + 1 := rfl + _ = List.length tail + List.length bs + 1 + 1 := by rw [ih] + _ = List.length tail + (List.length bs + 1) + 1 := by rw [Nat.add_assoc (List.length tail)] + _ = List.length tail + (1 + List.length bs) + 1 := by rw [Nat.add_comm (List.length bs)] + _ = List.length tail + 1 + List.length bs + 1 := by rw [Nat.add_assoc (List.length tail) 1] + _ = List.length (head :: tail) + List.length bs + 1 := rfl + +theorem list_reverse_aux_append (as bs : List α) + : List.reverseAux as bs = List.reverse as ++ bs := by + induction as generalizing bs with + | nil => rw [List.reverseAux, List.reverse, List.reverseAux, List.nil_append] + | cons head tail ih => calc + List.reverseAux (head :: tail) bs + = List.reverseAux tail (head :: bs) := rfl + _ = List.reverse tail ++ (head :: bs) := by rw [ih] + _ = List.reverse tail ++ ([head] ++ bs) := rfl + _ = List.reverse tail ++ [head] ++ bs := by rw [List.append_assoc] + _ = List.reverseAux tail [head] ++ bs := by rw [ih] + _ = List.reverseAux (head :: tail) [] ++ bs := rfl + +theorem length_reverse (t : List α) + : List.length (List.reverse t) = List.length t := by + induction t with + | nil => simp + | cons head tail ih => calc + List.length (List.reverse (head :: tail)) + = List.length (List.reverseAux tail [head]) := rfl + _ = List.length (List.reverse tail ++ [head]) := by rw [list_reverse_aux_append] + _ = List.length (List.reverse tail) + List.length [head] := by simp + _ = List.length tail + List.length [head] := by rw [ih] + _ = List.length tail + 1 := rfl + _ = List.length [] + List.length tail + 1 := by simp + _ = List.length ([] ++ [head] ++ tail) := by rw [length_inject_anywhere] + _ = List.length (head :: tail) := rfl + +theorem reverse_reverse_aux (as bs : List α) + : List.reverse (as ++ bs) = List.reverse bs ++ List.reverse as := by + induction as generalizing bs with + | nil => simp + | cons head tail ih => calc + List.reverse (head :: tail ++ bs) + = List.reverseAux (head :: tail ++ bs) [] := rfl + _ = List.reverseAux (tail ++ bs) [head] := rfl + _ = List.reverse (tail ++ bs) ++ [head] := by rw [list_reverse_aux_append] + _ = List.reverse bs ++ List.reverse tail ++ [head] := by rw [ih] + _ = List.reverse bs ++ (List.reverse tail ++ [head]) := by rw [List.append_assoc] + _ = List.reverse bs ++ (List.reverseAux tail [head]) := by rw [list_reverse_aux_append] + _ = List.reverse bs ++ (List.reverseAux (head :: tail) []) := rfl + _ = List.reverse bs ++ List.reverse (head :: tail) := rfl + +theorem reverse_reverse (t : List α) + : List.reverse (List.reverse t) = t := by + induction t with + | nil => simp + | cons head tail ih => calc + List.reverse (List.reverse (head :: tail)) + = List.reverse (List.reverseAux tail [head]) := rfl + _ = List.reverse (List.reverse tail ++ [head]) := by rw [list_reverse_aux_append] + _ = List.reverse [head] ++ List.reverse (List.reverse tail) := by rw [reverse_reverse_aux] + _ = List.reverse [head] ++ tail := by rw [ih] + _ = [head] ++ tail := by simp + _ = head :: tail := rfl end ex2 @@ -134,61 +183,22 @@ end ex2 -- assignment of values to the variables. namespace ex3 --- inductive foo : Type* --- | const : ℕ → foo --- | var : ℕ → foo --- | plus : foo → foo → foo --- | times : foo → foo → foo --- --- def value_at : ℕ → list ℕ → ℕ --- | 0 vs := list.head vs --- | i [] := default --- | (i + 1) vs := value_at i (list.tail vs) --- --- -- The provided "variables" are supplied in a 0-indexed list. --- def eval_foo : foo → list ℕ → ℕ --- | (foo.const n) vs := n --- | (foo.var n) vs := value_at n vs --- | (foo.plus m n) vs := eval_foo m vs + eval_foo n vs --- | (foo.times m n) vs := eval_foo m vs * eval_foo n vs +inductive foo : Type _ + | const : Nat → foo + | var : Nat → foo + | plus : foo → foo → foo + | times : foo → foo → foo + +def value_at : Nat → List Nat → Nat +| _, [] => default +| 0, vs => List.head! vs +| (i + 1), vs => value_at i (List.tail! vs) + +-- The provided "variables" are supplied in a 0-indexed list. +def eval_foo : foo → List Nat → Nat + | (foo.const n) , _ => n + | (foo.var n) , vs => value_at n vs + | (foo.plus m n) , vs => eval_foo m vs + eval_foo n vs + | (foo.times m n), vs => eval_foo m vs * eval_foo n vs end ex3 - --- Exercise 4 --- --- Similarly, define the type of propositional formulas, as well as functions on --- the type of such formulas: an evaluation function, functions that measure the --- complexity of a formula, and a function that substitutes another formula for --- a given variable. -namespace ex4 - --- inductive foo : Type* --- | tt : foo --- | ff : foo --- | and : foo → foo → foo --- | or : foo → foo → foo --- --- def eval_foo : foo → bool --- | foo.tt := true --- | foo.ff := false --- | (foo.and lhs rhs) := eval_foo lhs ∧ eval_foo rhs --- | (foo.or lhs rhs) := eval_foo lhs ∨ eval_foo rhs --- --- def complexity_foo : foo → ℕ --- | foo.tt := 1 --- | foo.ff := 1 --- | (foo.and lhs rhs) := 1 + complexity_foo lhs + complexity_foo rhs --- | (foo.or lhs rhs) := 1 + complexity_foo lhs + complexity_foo rhs --- --- def substitute : foo → foo := sorry - -end ex4 - --- Exercise 5 --- --- Simulate the mutual inductive definition of `even` and `odd` described in --- Section 7.9 with an ordinary inductive type, using an index to encode the --- choice between them in the target type. -namespace ex5 - -end ex5