diff --git a/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set.tex b/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set.tex index 6e9d399..8a95919 100644 --- a/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set.tex +++ b/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set.tex @@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ There is a set having no members: \section{\pending{Equivalence Relation}}% \label{ref:equivalence-relation} -Relation $R$ is an \textbf{equivalence relation} if and only if $R$ is a binary - \nameref{ref:relation} that is \nameref{ref:reflexive}, +Relation $R$ is an \textbf{equivalence relation} on set $A$ if and only if + $R$ is a binary \nameref{ref:relation} that is \nameref{ref:reflexive} on $A$, \nameref{ref:symmetric}, and \nameref{ref:transitive}. \section{\defined{Extensionality Axiom}}% @@ -202,6 +202,16 @@ For any sets $u$ and $v$, there is a set having as members just $u$ and $v$: \end{axiom} +\section{\pending{Partition}}% +\label{ref:partition} + +A \textbf{partition} $\Pi$ of a set $A$ is a set of nonempty subsets of $A$ that + is disjoint and exhaustive, i.e. + \begin{enumerate}[(a)] + \item no two different sets in $\Pi$ have any common elements, and + \item each element of $A$ is in some set in $\Pi$. + \end{enumerate} + \section{\defined{Power Set}}% \label{ref:power-set} @@ -226,6 +236,14 @@ For any set $a$, there is a set whose members are exactly the subsets of $a$: \end{axiom} +\section{\pending{Quotient Set}}% +\label{ref:quotient-set} + +If $R$ is an \nameref{ref:equivalence-relation} on set $A$, then we can define + the \textbf{quotient set} $$A / R = \{[x]_R \mid x \in A\}$$ whose members are + the equivalence classes. +The expression $A / R$ is read "$A$ modulo $R$. + \section{\defined{Range}}% \label{ref:range} @@ -283,8 +301,8 @@ For each formula $\phi$ not containing $B$, the following is an axiom: \section{\pending{Symmetric}}% \label{ref:symmetric} -A binary relation $R$ is \textbf{symmetric} on $A$ if and only if whenever - $xRy$ then $yRx$. +A binary relation $R$ is \textbf{symmetric} if and only if whenever $xRy$ then + $yRx$. \section{\defined{Symmetric Difference}}% \label{ref:symmetric-difference} @@ -301,15 +319,16 @@ The \textbf{symmetric difference} $A + B$ of sets $A$ and $B$ is the set \section{\pending{Transitive}}% \label{ref:transitive} -A binary relation $R$ is \textbf{transitive} on $A$ if and only if whenever - $xRy$ and $yRz$, then $xRz$. +A binary relation $R$ is \textbf{transitive} if and only if whenever $xRy$ and + $yRz$, then $xRz$. \section{\defined{Union Axiom}}% \label{ref:union-axiom} For any set $A$, there exists a set $B$ whose elements are exactly the members of the members of $A$: - $$\forall A, \exists B, \forall x \left[ x \in B \iff (\exists b \in A) x \in b \right]$$ + $$\forall A, \exists B, \forall x + \left[ x \in B \iff (\exists b \in A) x \in b \right]$$ \begin{axiom} @@ -3187,9 +3206,10 @@ For any one-to-one function $F$, $F^{-1}$ is also one-to-one. \nameref{ref:relation}. By definition, the \nameref{ref:field} of $R$ is given by $\fld{R} = \dom{R} \cup \ran{R}$. - An \nameref{ref:equivalence-relation} is, by definition, a - \nameref{ref:reflexive}, symmetric, and transitive relation. - Thus all that remains is to show $R$ is reflexive on $\fld{R}$. + An \nameref{ref:equivalence-relation} on $\fld{R}$ is, by definition, a + binary relation \nameref{ref:reflexive} on $\fld{R}$, symmetric, and + transitive. + All that remains is to show $R$ is reflexive on $\fld{R}$. Let $x \in \fld{R}$. Then $x \in \dom{R}$ or $x \in \ran{R}$. @@ -3203,6 +3223,69 @@ For any one-to-one function $F$, $F^{-1}$ is also one-to-one. \end{proof} +\subsection{\pending{Lemma 3N}}% +\label{sub:lemma-3n} + +\begin{lemma}[3N] + + Assume that $R$ is an equivalence relation on $A$ and that $x$ and $y$ belong + to $A$. + Then $$[x]_R = [y]_R \iff xRy.$$ + +\end{lemma} + +\begin{proof} + + Suppose $R$ is an \nameref{ref:equivalence-relation} on set $A$. + Let $x, y \in A$. + + \paragraph{($\Rightarrow$)}% + + Suppose $[x]_R = [y]_R$. + Since $R$ is an equivalence relation, it is reflexive on $A$. + Thus $yRy$ meaning $y \in [y]_R = \{t \mid yRt\}$. + Since $[x]_R = [y]_R$, $y \in \{t \mid xRt\}$ as well. + That is, $xRy$. + + \paragraph{($\Leftarrow$)}% + + Suppose $xRy$. + We show $[x]_R \subseteq [y]_R$ and $[y]_R \subseteq [x]_R$. + + \subparagraph{($\subseteq$)}% + + Let $t \in [x]_R$. + Then $xRt$. + Since $R$ is symmetric, $xRy$ implies $yRx$. + Since $R$ is transitive, $yRx$ and $xRt$ implies $yRt$. + Thus $t \in [y]_R$. + + \subparagraph{($\supseteq$)}% + + Let $t \in [y]_R$. + Then $yRt$. + Since $R$ is transitive, $xRy$ and $yRt$ implies $xRt$. + Thus $t \in [x]_R$. + +\end{proof} + +\subsection{\sorry{Theorem 3P}}% +\label{sub:theorem-3p} + +\begin{theorem}[3P] + + Assume that $R$ is an equivalence relation on $A$. + Then the set $\{[x]_R \mid x \in A\}$ of all equivalence classes is a + partition of $A$. + +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof} + + TODO + +\end{proof} + \section{Exercises 3}% \label{sec:exercises-3}