diff --git a/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set.tex b/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set.tex index ca79926..61f55f2 100644 --- a/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set.tex +++ b/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set.tex @@ -127,8 +127,10 @@ \section{\defined{Equinumerous}}% \hyperlabel{ref:equinumerous} -A set $A$ is \textbf{equinumerous} to a set $B$ (written $\equinumerous{A}{B}$) - if and only if there is a one-to-one \nameref{ref:function} from $A$ onto $B$. + A set $A$ is \textbf{equinumerous} to a set $B$ (written + $\equinumerous{A}{B}$) if and only if there is a one-to-one + \nameref{ref:function} from $A$ onto $B$. + In other words, there exists a one-to-one correspondence between $A$ and $B$. \lean*{Mathlib/Init/Function} {Function.Bijective} @@ -149,8 +151,9 @@ A set $A$ is \textbf{equinumerous} to a set $B$ (written $\equinumerous{A}{B}$) \hyperlabel{ref:equivalence-relation} Relation $R$ is an \textbf{equivalence relation} on set $A$ if and only if - $R$ is a binary \nameref{ref:relation} on $A$ that is \nameref{ref:reflexive} - on $A$, \nameref{ref:symmetric}, and \nameref{ref:transitive}. + $R$ is a binary \nameref{ref:relation} on $A$ that is + \nameref{ref:reflexive} on $A$, \nameref{ref:symmetric}, and + \nameref{ref:transitive}. \code*{Bookshelf/Enderton/Set/Relation} {Set.Relation.isEquivalence} @@ -215,6 +218,9 @@ A set $A$ is \textbf{equinumerous} to a set $B$ (written $\equinumerous{A}{B}$) only one $x$ such that $xFy$. One-to-one functions are sometimes called \textbf{injections}. + A one-to-one function from $A$ onto $B$ is a + \textbf{one-to-one correspondence} between $A$ and $B$. + \code*{Bookshelf/Enderton/Set/Relation} {Set.Relation.isSingleValued} @@ -2879,7 +2885,7 @@ A set $A$ is \textbf{equinumerous} to a set $B$ (written $\equinumerous{A}{B}$) \hyperlabel{sub:one-to-one-inverse} \begin{lemma} - For any one-to-one function $F$, $F^{-1}$ is also one-to-one. + For any one-to-one function $F$, $F^{-1}$ is also a one-to-one function. \end{lemma} \code{Bookshelf/Enderton/Set/Relation} @@ -3008,7 +3014,7 @@ A set $A$ is \textbf{equinumerous} to a set $B$ (written $\equinumerous{A}{B}$) \begin{lemma} Let $F$ and $G$ be one-to-one functions. - Then $F \circ G$ is one-to-one as well. + Then $F \circ G$ is also a one-to-one function. \end{lemma} \code{Bookshelf/Enderton/Set/Relation} @@ -3023,21 +3029,15 @@ A set $A$ is \textbf{equinumerous} to a set $B$ (written $\equinumerous{A}{B}$) F \circ G = \{\tuple{u, v} \mid \exists t(uGt \land tFv)\}. \end{equation} By \nameref{sub:theorem-3h}, $F \circ G$ is a function. - All that remains is proving $F \circ G$ is single-rooted, i.e. for each - $y \in \ran{F \circ G}$, there is only one $x$ such that - $\tuple{x, y} \in F \circ G$. - To that end let $y \in \ran{(F \circ G)}$. - Then there exists some $x_1 \in \dom{(F \circ G)}$ such that - $\tuple{x_1, y} \in F \circ G$. - Suppose there also exists some $x_2 \in \dom{(F \circ G)}$ such that - $\tuple{x_2, y} \in F \circ G$. - By \eqref{sub:one-to-one-composition-eq1}, there exists a $t_1$ such that + All that remains is proving $F \circ G$ is one-to-one. + Let $(F \circ G)(x_1) = (F \circ G)(x_2) = y$. + By \eqref{sub:one-to-one-composition-eq1}, there exists some $t_1$ such that $x_1Gt_1$ and $t_1Fy$. Likewise, there exists some $t_2$ such that $x_2Gt_2$ and $t_2Fy$. - But $F$ is one-to-one meaning $t_1 = t_2$. - Similarly, $G$ is one-to-one meaning $x_1 = x_2$. - Hence $F \circ G$ is single-valued. + Since $F$ is one-to-one, it follows $t_1 = t_2$. + Then, since $G$ is also one-to-one, it follows $x_1 = x_2$. + Hence $F \circ G$ is one-to-one. \end{proof} \subsection{\verified{Theorem 3I}}% @@ -8442,7 +8442,7 @@ A set $A$ is \textbf{equinumerous} to a set $B$ (written $\equinumerous{A}{B}$) \section{Equinumerosity}% \hyperlabel{sec:equinumerosity} -\subsection{\pending{Theorem 6A}}% +\subsection{\verified{Theorem 6A}}% \hyperlabel{sub:theorem-6a} \begin{theorem}[6A] @@ -8470,23 +8470,43 @@ A set $A$ is \textbf{equinumerous} to a set $B$ (written $\equinumerous{A}{B}$) \paragraph{(a)}% - Consider function $I_A \colon A \rightarrow A$ given by $I_A(x) = x$. - This function is trivially a bijection between $A$ and $A$. + Consider \nameref{ref:function} $I_A \colon A \rightarrow A$ given by + $I_A(x) = x$. + $I_A$ is trivially a one-to-one correspondence between $A$ and $A$. Thus $A$ is \nameref{ref:equinumerous} to $A$. \paragraph{(b)}% Suppose $\equinumerous{A}{B}$. - Then there exists a one-to-one function $f$ from $A$ onto $B$. - TODO + Then there exists a one-to-one correspondence $F$ between $A$ and $B$. + Consider now \nameref{ref:inverse} $$F^{-1} = \{\tuple{u, v} \mid vFu\}.$$ + By \nameref{sub:one-to-one-inverse}, $F^{-1}$ is a one-to-one function. + For all $y \in A$, $\tuple{y, F(y)} \in F$. + Then $\tuple{F(y), y} \in F^{-1}$ meaning $F^{-1}$ is onto $A$. + Hence $F^{-1}$ is a one-to-one correspondence between $B$ and $A$, i.e. + $\equinumerous{B}{A}$. \paragraph{(c)}% - TODO + Suppose $\equinumerous{A}{B}$ and $\equinumerous{B}{C}$. + Then there exists a one-to-one correspondence $G$ between $A$ and $B$ and + a one-to-one correspondence $F$ between $B$ and $C$. + By \nameref{sub:one-to-one-composition}, $F \circ G$ is a one-to-one + function. + Thus we're left with proving $F \circ G$ is onto $C$. + + Let $y \in C$. + Since $F$ is onto $C$, there exists some $t \in B$ such that $F(t) = y$. + Likewise, since $G$ is onto $B$, there exists some $x \in A$ such that + $G(x) = t$. + Then $F(G(x)) = y$. + Thus $\ran{(F \circ G)} = C$ meaning $F \circ G$ is onto $C$. + Hence $F \circ G$ is a one-to-one correspondence function between $A$ and + $C$, i.e. $\equinumerous{A}{C}$. \end{proof} -\subsection{\sorry{Theorem 6B}}% +\subsection{\unverified{Theorem 6B}}% \hyperlabel{sub:theorem-6b} \begin{theorem}[6B] @@ -8494,7 +8514,16 @@ A set $A$ is \textbf{equinumerous} to a set $B$ (written $\equinumerous{A}{B}$) \end{theorem} \begin{proof} - TODO + Let $A$ be an arbitrary set and $f \colon A \rightarrow \powerset{A}$. + Define $\phi = \{a \in A \mid a \not\in f(a)\}$. + Clearly $\phi \in \powerset{A}$. + Furthermore, for all $a \in A$, $\phi \neq f(a)$ since $a \in \phi$ if and + only if $a \not\in f(a)$. + Thus $f$ cannot be onto $\powerset{A}$. + Since $f$ was arbitrarily chosen, there exists no one-to-one correspondence + between $A$ and $\powerset{A}$. + Since $A$ was arbitrarily chosen, there is no set equinumerous to its + powerset. \end{proof} \section{Finite Sets}% @@ -8619,13 +8648,13 @@ A set $A$ is \textbf{equinumerous} to a set $B$ (written $\equinumerous{A}{B}$) TODO \end{proof} -\subsection{\sorry{Exercise 6.5}}% +\subsection{\verified{Exercise 6.5}}% \hyperlabel{sub:exercise-6-5} Prove \nameref{sub:theorem-6a}. \begin{proof} - TODO + Refer to \nameref{sub:theorem-6a}. \end{proof} \subsection{\sorry{Exercise 6.6}}% diff --git a/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set/Chapter_6.lean b/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set/Chapter_6.lean index 9ea90c4..535fa52 100644 --- a/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set/Chapter_6.lean +++ b/Bookshelf/Enderton/Set/Chapter_6.lean @@ -18,22 +18,22 @@ For any sets `A`, `B`, and `C`, -/ theorem theorem_6a_a (A : Set α) - : ∃ f, Set.BijOn f A A := by + : ∃ F, Set.BijOn F A A := by refine ⟨fun x => x, ?_⟩ unfold Set.BijOn Set.MapsTo Set.InjOn Set.SurjOn simp only [imp_self, implies_true, Set.image_id', true_and] exact Eq.subset rfl theorem theorem_6a_b [Nonempty α] (A : Set α) (B : Set β) - (f : α → β) (hf : Set.BijOn f A B) - : ∃ g, Set.BijOn g B A := by - refine ⟨Function.invFunOn f A, ?_⟩ - exact (Set.bijOn_comm $ Set.BijOn.invOn_invFunOn hf).mpr hf + (F : α → β) (hF : Set.BijOn F A B) + : ∃ G, Set.BijOn G B A := by + refine ⟨Function.invFunOn F A, ?_⟩ + exact (Set.bijOn_comm $ Set.BijOn.invOn_invFunOn hF).mpr hF theorem theorem_6a_c (A : Set α) (B : Set β) (C : Set γ) - (f : α → β) (hf : Set.BijOn f A B) - (g : β → γ) (hg : Set.BijOn g B C) - : ∃ h, Set.BijOn h A C := by - exact ⟨g ∘ f, Set.BijOn.comp hg hf⟩ + (F : α → β) (hF : Set.BijOn F A B) + (G : β → γ) (hG : Set.BijOn G B C) + : ∃ H, Set.BijOn H A C := by + exact ⟨G ∘ F, Set.BijOn.comp hG hF⟩ end Enderton.Set.Chapter_6