Restructure geometry and sequence modules further.

finite-set-exercises
Joshua Potter 2023-04-18 11:31:13 -06:00
parent 71db452d96
commit 1b0296cfc7
6 changed files with 293 additions and 233 deletions

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import Mathlib.Data.Real.Sqrt import Common.Data.Real.Geometry.Basic
import Mathlib.Logic.Function.Basic import Common.Data.Real.Geometry.Rectangle
namespace Real
notation "ℝ²" => ×
noncomputable def dist (x y : ℝ²) :=
Real.sqrt ((abs (y.1 - x.1)) ^ 2 + (abs (y.2 - x.2)) ^ 2)
def similar (S T : Set ℝ²) : Prop :=
∃ f : ℝ² → ℝ², Function.Bijective f ∧
∃ s : , ∀ x y : ℝ², x ∈ S ∧ y ∈ T →
s * dist x y = dist (f x) (f y)
def congruent (S T : Set ( × )) : Prop :=
∃ f : ℝ² → ℝ², Function.Bijective f ∧
∀ x y : ℝ², x ∈ S ∧ y ∈ T →
dist x y = dist (f x) (f y)
theorem congruent_similar {S T : Set ℝ²} : congruent S T → similar S T := by
intro hc
let ⟨f, ⟨hf, hs⟩⟩ := hc
conv at hs => intro x y hxy; arg 1; rw [← one_mul (dist x y)]
exact ⟨f, ⟨hf, ⟨1, hs⟩⟩⟩
end Real

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import Mathlib.Data.Real.Sqrt
notation "ℝ²" => ×
namespace Real
/--
Determine the distance between two points in `ℝ²`.
-/
noncomputable def dist (x y : ℝ²) :=
Real.sqrt ((abs (y.1 - x.1)) ^ 2 + (abs (y.2 - x.2)) ^ 2)
/--
Two sets `S` and `T` are `similar` iff there exists a one-to-one correspondence
between `S` and `T` such that the distance between any two points `P, Q ∈ S` and
corresponding points `P', Q' ∈ T` differ by some constant `α`. In other words,
`α|PQ| = |P'Q'|`.
-/
def similar (S T : Set ℝ²) : Prop :=
∃ f : ℝ² → ℝ², Function.Bijective f ∧
∃ s : , ∀ x y : ℝ², x ∈ S ∧ y ∈ T →
s * dist x y = dist (f x) (f y)
/--
Two sets are congruent if they are similar with a scaling factor of `1`.
-/
def congruent (S T : Set ( × )) : Prop :=
∃ f : ℝ² → ℝ², Function.Bijective f ∧
∀ x y : ℝ², x ∈ S ∧ y ∈ T →
dist x y = dist (f x) (f y)
/--
Any two congruent sets must be similar to one another.
-/
theorem congruent_similar {S T : Set ℝ²} : congruent S T → similar S T := by
intro hc
let ⟨f, ⟨hf, hs⟩⟩ := hc
conv at hs => intro x y hxy; arg 1; rw [← one_mul (dist x y)]
exact ⟨f, ⟨hf, ⟨1, hs⟩⟩⟩
end Real

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import Common.Data.Real.Geometry.Basic
namespace Real
/--
A `Rectangle` is characterized by two points defining opposite corners. We
arbitrarily choose the bottom left and top right points to perform this
characterization.
-/
structure Rectangle (bottom_left : ℝ²) (top_right : ℝ²)
namespace Rectangle
/--
A `Rectangle` is the locus of points making up its edges.
-/
def set_eq (r : Rectangle x y) : Set ℝ² := sorry
/--
Computes the bottom right corner of a `Rectangle`.
-/
def bottom_right (r : Rectangle x y) : ℝ² := sorry
/--
Computes the top left corner of a `Rectangle`.
-/
def top_left (r : Rectangle x y) : ℝ² := sorry
/--
Computes the width of a `Rectangle`.
-/
def width (r : Rectangle x y) : := sorry
/--
Computes the height of a `Rectangle`.
-/
def height (r : Rectangle x y) : := sorry
end Real.Rectangle

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import Mathlib.Data.Real.Basic import Common.Data.Real.Sequence.Arithmetic
import Mathlib.Tactic.NormNum import Common.Data.Real.Sequence.Geometric
import Mathlib.Tactic.Ring
/--
A `0`th-indexed arithmetic sequence.
-/
structure Arithmetic where
a₀ : Real
Δ : Real
namespace Arithmetic
/--
Returns the value of the `n`th term of an arithmetic sequence.
This function calculates the value of this term directly. Keep in mind the
sequence is `0`th-indexed.
-/
def termClosed (seq : Arithmetic) (n : Nat) : Real :=
seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * n
/--
Returns the value of the `n`th term of an arithmetic sequence.
This function calculates the value of this term recursively. Keep in mind the
sequence is `0`th-indexed.
-/
def termRecursive : Arithmetic → Nat → Real
| seq, 0 => seq.a₀
| seq, (n + 1) => seq.Δ + seq.termRecursive n
/--
The recursive and closed term definitions of an arithmetic sequence agree with
one another.
-/
theorem term_recursive_closed (seq : Arithmetic) (n : Nat)
: seq.termRecursive n = seq.termClosed n := by
induction n with
| zero => unfold termRecursive termClosed; norm_num
| succ n ih =>
calc
termRecursive seq (Nat.succ n)
_ = seq.Δ + seq.termRecursive n := rfl
_ = seq.Δ + seq.termClosed n := by rw [ih]
_ = seq.Δ + (seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * n) := rfl
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * (↑n + 1) := by ring
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * ↑(n + 1) := by simp
_ = termClosed seq (n + 1) := rfl
/--
A term is equal to the next in the sequence minus the common difference.
-/
theorem term_closed_sub_succ_delta {seq : Arithmetic}
: seq.termClosed n = seq.termClosed (n + 1) - seq.Δ :=
calc
seq.termClosed n
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * n := rfl
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * n + seq.Δ - seq.Δ := by rw [add_sub_cancel]
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * (↑n + 1) - seq.Δ := by ring_nf
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * ↑(n + 1) - seq.Δ := by simp only [Nat.cast_add, Nat.cast_one]
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) - seq.Δ := rfl
/--
The summation of the first `n + 1` terms of an arithmetic sequence.
This function calculates the sum directly.
-/
noncomputable def sum_closed (seq : Arithmetic) (n : Nat) : Real :=
(n + 1) * (seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed n) / 2
/--
The summation of the first `n + 1` terms of an arithmetic sequence.
This function calculates the sum recursively.
-/
def sum_recursive : Arithmetic → Nat → Real
| seq, 0 => seq.a₀
| seq, (n + 1) => seq.termClosed (n + 1) + seq.sum_recursive n
/--
Simplify a summation of terms found in the proof of `sum_recursive_closed`.
-/
private lemma sub_delta_summand_eq_two_mul_a₀ {seq : Arithmetic}
: seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed (n + 1) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ = 2 * seq.a₀ :=
calc
seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed (n + 1) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ
_ = seq.a₀ + (seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * ↑(n + 1)) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ := rfl
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * ↑(n + 1) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ := by rw [←add_assoc]
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * (n + 1) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ := by simp only [Nat.cast_add, Nat.cast_one]
_ = 2 * seq.a₀ := by ring_nf
/--
The recursive and closed definitions of the sum of an arithmetic sequence agree
with one another.
-/
theorem sum_recursive_closed (seq : Arithmetic) (n : Nat)
: seq.sum_recursive n = seq.sum_closed n := by
induction n with
| zero =>
unfold sum_recursive sum_closed termClosed
norm_num
| succ n ih =>
calc
seq.sum_recursive (n + 1)
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) + seq.sum_recursive n := rfl
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) + seq.sum_closed n := by rw [ih]
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) + ((n + 1) * (seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed n)) / 2 := rfl
_ = (2 * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + n * seq.a₀ + n * seq.termClosed n + seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed n) / 2 := by ring_nf
_ = (2 * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + n * seq.a₀ + n * (seq.termClosed (n + 1) - seq.Δ) + seq.a₀ + (seq.termClosed (n + 1) - seq.Δ)) / 2 := by rw [@term_closed_sub_succ_delta n]
_ = (2 * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + n * seq.a₀ + n * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + (seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed (n + 1) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ)) / 2 := by ring_nf
_ = (2 * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + n * seq.a₀ + n * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + 2 * seq.a₀) / 2 := by rw [sub_delta_summand_eq_two_mul_a₀]
_ = ((n + 1) + 1) * (seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed (n + 1)) / 2 := by ring_nf
_ = (↑(n + 1) + 1) * (seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed (n + 1)) / 2 := by simp only [Nat.cast_add, Nat.cast_one]
_ = seq.sum_closed (n + 1) := rfl
end Arithmetic
/--
A `0th`-indexed geometric sequence.
-/
structure Geometric where
a₀ : Real
r : Real
namespace Geometric
/--
Returns the value of the `n`th term of a geometric sequence.
This function calculates the value of this term directly. Keep in mind the
sequence is `0`th-indexed.
-/
def termClosed (seq : Geometric) (n : Nat) : Real :=
seq.a₀ * seq.r ^ n
/--
Returns the value of the `n`th term of a geometric sequence.
This function calculates the value of this term recursively. Keep in mind the
sequence is `0`th-indexed.
-/
def termRecursive : Geometric → Nat → Real
| seq, 0 => seq.a₀
| seq, (n + 1) => seq.r * (seq.termRecursive n)
/--
The recursive and closed term definitions of a geometric sequence agree with
one another.
-/
theorem term_recursive_closed (seq : Geometric) (n : Nat)
: seq.termRecursive n = seq.termClosed n := by
induction n with
| zero => unfold termClosed termRecursive; norm_num
| succ n ih => calc
seq.termRecursive (n + 1)
_ = seq.r * (seq.termRecursive n) := rfl
_ = seq.r * (seq.termClosed n) := by rw [ih]
_ = seq.r * (seq.a₀ * seq.r ^ n) := rfl
_ = seq.a₀ * seq.r ^ (n + 1) := by ring
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) := rfl
/--
The summation of the first `n + 1` terms of a geometric sequence.
This function calculates the sum directly.
-/
noncomputable def sum_closed_ratio_neq_one (seq : Geometric) (n : Nat)
: seq.r ≠ 1 → Real :=
fun _ => (seq.a₀ * (1 - seq.r ^ (n + 1))) / (1 - seq.r)
/--
The summation of the first `n + 1` terms of a geometric sequence.
This function calculates the sum recursively.
-/
def sum_recursive : Geometric → Nat → Real
| seq, 0 => seq.a₀
| seq, (n + 1) => seq.termClosed (n + 1) + seq.sum_recursive n
/--
The recursive and closed definitions of the sum of a geometric sequence agree
with one another.
-/
theorem sum_recursive_closed (seq : Geometric) (n : Nat) (p : seq.r ≠ 1)
: sum_recursive seq n = sum_closed_ratio_neq_one seq n p := by
have h : 1 - seq.r ≠ 0 := by
intro h
rw [sub_eq_iff_eq_add, zero_add] at h
exact False.elim (p (Eq.symm h))
induction n with
| zero =>
unfold sum_recursive sum_closed_ratio_neq_one
simp
rw [mul_div_assoc, div_self h, mul_one]
| succ n ih =>
calc
sum_recursive seq (n + 1)
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) + seq.sum_recursive n := rfl
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) + sum_closed_ratio_neq_one seq n p := by rw [ih]
_ = seq.a₀ * seq.r ^ (n + 1) + (seq.a₀ * (1 - seq.r ^ (n + 1))) / (1 - seq.r) := rfl
_ = seq.a₀ * seq.r ^ (n + 1) * (1 - seq.r) / (1 - seq.r) + (seq.a₀ * (1 - seq.r ^ (n + 1))) / (1 - seq.r) := by rw [mul_div_cancel _ h]
_ = (seq.a₀ * (1 - seq.r ^ (n + 1 + 1))) / (1 - seq.r) := by ring_nf
_ = sum_closed_ratio_neq_one seq (n + 1) p := rfl
end Geometric

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import Mathlib.Data.Real.Basic
namespace Real
/--
A `0`th-indexed arithmetic sequence.
-/
structure Arithmetic where
a₀ : Real
Δ : Real
namespace Arithmetic
/--
Returns the value of the `n`th term of an arithmetic sequence.
This function calculates the value of this term directly. Keep in mind the
sequence is `0`th-indexed.
-/
def termClosed (seq : Arithmetic) (n : Nat) : Real :=
seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * n
/--
Returns the value of the `n`th term of an arithmetic sequence.
This function calculates the value of this term recursively. Keep in mind the
sequence is `0`th-indexed.
-/
def termRecursive : Arithmetic → Nat → Real
| seq, 0 => seq.a₀
| seq, (n + 1) => seq.Δ + seq.termRecursive n
/--
The recursive and closed term definitions of an arithmetic sequence agree with
one another.
-/
theorem term_recursive_closed (seq : Arithmetic) (n : Nat)
: seq.termRecursive n = seq.termClosed n := by
induction n with
| zero => unfold termRecursive termClosed; norm_num
| succ n ih =>
calc
termRecursive seq (Nat.succ n)
_ = seq.Δ + seq.termRecursive n := rfl
_ = seq.Δ + seq.termClosed n := by rw [ih]
_ = seq.Δ + (seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * n) := rfl
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * (↑n + 1) := by ring
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * ↑(n + 1) := by simp
_ = termClosed seq (n + 1) := rfl
/--
A term is equal to the next in the sequence minus the common difference.
-/
theorem term_closed_sub_succ_delta {seq : Arithmetic}
: seq.termClosed n = seq.termClosed (n + 1) - seq.Δ :=
calc
seq.termClosed n
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * n := rfl
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * n + seq.Δ - seq.Δ := by rw [add_sub_cancel]
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * (↑n + 1) - seq.Δ := by ring_nf
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * ↑(n + 1) - seq.Δ := by simp only [Nat.cast_add, Nat.cast_one]
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) - seq.Δ := rfl
/--
The summation of the first `n + 1` terms of an arithmetic sequence.
This function calculates the sum directly.
-/
noncomputable def sum_closed (seq : Arithmetic) (n : Nat) : Real :=
(n + 1) * (seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed n) / 2
/--
The summation of the first `n + 1` terms of an arithmetic sequence.
This function calculates the sum recursively.
-/
def sum_recursive : Arithmetic → Nat → Real
| seq, 0 => seq.a₀
| seq, (n + 1) => seq.termClosed (n + 1) + seq.sum_recursive n
/--
Simplify a summation of terms found in the proof of `sum_recursive_closed`.
-/
private lemma sub_delta_summand_eq_two_mul_a₀ {seq : Arithmetic}
: seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed (n + 1) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ = 2 * seq.a₀ :=
calc
seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed (n + 1) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ
_ = seq.a₀ + (seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * ↑(n + 1)) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ := rfl
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * ↑(n + 1) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ := by rw [←add_assoc]
_ = seq.a₀ + seq.a₀ + seq.Δ * (n + 1) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ := by simp only [Nat.cast_add, Nat.cast_one]
_ = 2 * seq.a₀ := by ring_nf
/--
The recursive and closed definitions of the sum of an arithmetic sequence agree
with one another.
-/
theorem sum_recursive_closed (seq : Arithmetic) (n : Nat)
: seq.sum_recursive n = seq.sum_closed n := by
induction n with
| zero =>
unfold sum_recursive sum_closed termClosed
norm_num
| succ n ih =>
calc
seq.sum_recursive (n + 1)
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) + seq.sum_recursive n := rfl
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) + seq.sum_closed n := by rw [ih]
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) + ((n + 1) * (seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed n)) / 2 := rfl
_ = (2 * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + n * seq.a₀ + n * seq.termClosed n + seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed n) / 2 := by ring_nf
_ = (2 * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + n * seq.a₀ + n * (seq.termClosed (n + 1) - seq.Δ) + seq.a₀ + (seq.termClosed (n + 1) - seq.Δ)) / 2 := by rw [@term_closed_sub_succ_delta n]
_ = (2 * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + n * seq.a₀ + n * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + (seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed (n + 1) - (n + 1) * seq.Δ)) / 2 := by ring_nf
_ = (2 * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + n * seq.a₀ + n * seq.termClosed (n + 1) + 2 * seq.a₀) / 2 := by rw [sub_delta_summand_eq_two_mul_a₀]
_ = ((n + 1) + 1) * (seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed (n + 1)) / 2 := by ring_nf
_ = (↑(n + 1) + 1) * (seq.a₀ + seq.termClosed (n + 1)) / 2 := by simp only [Nat.cast_add, Nat.cast_one]
_ = seq.sum_closed (n + 1) := rfl
end Real.Arithmetic

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import Mathlib.Data.Real.Basic
namespace Real
/--
A `0th`-indexed geometric sequence.
-/
structure Geometric where
a₀ : Real
r : Real
namespace Geometric
/--
Returns the value of the `n`th term of a geometric sequence.
This function calculates the value of this term directly. Keep in mind the
sequence is `0`th-indexed.
-/
def termClosed (seq : Geometric) (n : Nat) : Real :=
seq.a₀ * seq.r ^ n
/--
Returns the value of the `n`th term of a geometric sequence.
This function calculates the value of this term recursively. Keep in mind the
sequence is `0`th-indexed.
-/
def termRecursive : Geometric → Nat → Real
| seq, 0 => seq.a₀
| seq, (n + 1) => seq.r * (seq.termRecursive n)
/--
The recursive and closed term definitions of a geometric sequence agree with
one another.
-/
theorem term_recursive_closed (seq : Geometric) (n : Nat)
: seq.termRecursive n = seq.termClosed n := by
induction n with
| zero => unfold termClosed termRecursive; norm_num
| succ n ih => calc
seq.termRecursive (n + 1)
_ = seq.r * (seq.termRecursive n) := rfl
_ = seq.r * (seq.termClosed n) := by rw [ih]
_ = seq.r * (seq.a₀ * seq.r ^ n) := rfl
_ = seq.a₀ * seq.r ^ (n + 1) := by ring
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) := rfl
/--
The summation of the first `n + 1` terms of a geometric sequence.
This function calculates the sum directly.
-/
noncomputable def sum_closed_ratio_neq_one (seq : Geometric) (n : Nat)
: seq.r ≠ 1 → Real :=
fun _ => (seq.a₀ * (1 - seq.r ^ (n + 1))) / (1 - seq.r)
/--
The summation of the first `n + 1` terms of a geometric sequence.
This function calculates the sum recursively.
-/
def sum_recursive : Geometric → Nat → Real
| seq, 0 => seq.a₀
| seq, (n + 1) => seq.termClosed (n + 1) + seq.sum_recursive n
/--
The recursive and closed definitions of the sum of a geometric sequence agree
with one another.
-/
theorem sum_recursive_closed (seq : Geometric) (n : Nat) (p : seq.r ≠ 1)
: sum_recursive seq n = sum_closed_ratio_neq_one seq n p := by
have h : 1 - seq.r ≠ 0 := by
intro h
rw [sub_eq_iff_eq_add, zero_add] at h
exact False.elim (p (Eq.symm h))
induction n with
| zero =>
unfold sum_recursive sum_closed_ratio_neq_one
simp
rw [mul_div_assoc, div_self h, mul_one]
| succ n ih =>
calc
sum_recursive seq (n + 1)
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) + seq.sum_recursive n := rfl
_ = seq.termClosed (n + 1) + sum_closed_ratio_neq_one seq n p := by rw [ih]
_ = seq.a₀ * seq.r ^ (n + 1) + (seq.a₀ * (1 - seq.r ^ (n + 1))) / (1 - seq.r) := rfl
_ = seq.a₀ * seq.r ^ (n + 1) * (1 - seq.r) / (1 - seq.r) + (seq.a₀ * (1 - seq.r ^ (n + 1))) / (1 - seq.r) := by rw [mul_div_cancel _ h]
_ = (seq.a₀ * (1 - seq.r ^ (n + 1 + 1))) / (1 - seq.r) := by ring_nf
_ = sum_closed_ratio_neq_one seq (n + 1) p := rfl
end Real.Geometric